Economics Economic Growth Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Economic Growth Models - Essay Example As the paper stresses one common theme of these models is that the economy will have a steady growth rate that depends on labor force growth and technological growth. New Growth Theory came about because of discontent within the circle of economists with the Neoclassical Growth Model. New Growth Theory was developed during the 1950's and 1960's. It returned to the forefront of economic thought during the 1980's because many felt that the old theories were outdated and did not fit the modern world. The new theory, based on knowledge and creativity, was developed to fit modern economic growth. This new theory is also called Endogenous Growth Theory because changes are made within the model rather than exogenously (outside the model). According to this theory mind power (knowledge) and creativity are important factors in production and, added to labor and capital, increase economic growth. This theory states that creativity added to labor increases growth, creativity improves both capit al and labor, and creativity extends resources and tends to abundance.This paper outlines that in New Growth Theory creativity rearranges resources and thus resources become unlimited. In the neoclassical growth model resources are limited. Subsidies in research and development are argued to increase growth due to an increase in knowledge and innovation. Big players in the development of this model were Theodore Schultz, an economist at the University of Chicago, and Gary Becker, Nobel Prize winner for economics in 1992. Schultz, also a Nobel Prize winner, developed theories about the use of human capital to increase agricultural production. Shultz theorized that investing in education would invariably increase agricultural output. Becker added on to Shultz's theory by explaining that expenditures on education, skills training, and medical care can be considered human capital and can, if invested in, increase productivity and output.

Ancient Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Ancient Homosexuality Essay The modern self is primarily built up of one’s history, body, religion, politics and entertainment – a Freudian composition of what identity is. And all of these things, the very factors that make the modern self the way it is, roots from the ancients. Cicero once thought that without the knowledge of the past, once shall remain a child, hence, Simon Goldhill’s Love, Sex and Tragedy: How the Ancient World Shapes Our Lives. With Cicero’s principle in mind, Goldhill wishes his readers to have a full understanding of who they are and how they came to be the way they are. Among the very controversial societal issues that Goldhill discussed pertained to homosexuality. Sexuality, in the time of the Greco-Romans, meant a love-affair with the phallus. They paraded it in the theatres, processions, public road, and even public memorials. The phallus was part of the classical man’s body, sexuality and sensuality – which, by the way, not only applies to men, but for females as well. The Greco-Romans had a profound relationship with sexual organs and acts, which, the modern man – apparently influenced by the rules of Christianity, might find obscene. A part of Simon Goldhill’s discussions on sexuality is the root of homosexuality. The Greeks had a particular fondness over a scenario where a bearded male desires a beardless lad. In today’s terms, this is the so-called pedophilia, as practiced through the inter-crural activity. This involves the placing of one’s penis between the partner’s thighs, may it be front or rear, followed by thrusting to attain sexual pleasure. Greeks from the seventh century, reinforced pederasty among men from the upper-class society, especially in their twenties, to acquire a young boy approximately aged 12 to love and nurture until he grows to marry at age 30, and later take a boy of his own. Practicing pederasty reinforced late marriage for these males, in the hopes of reducing the possibility of overpopulation, as well as to improve the education – initiation and instruction, of the ancient Greek youth. On Greek vases, one can find a picture of the bearded man – erastes, and the beardless youth – eromenos, as the erastes touches the eromenos’s genitals. The erastes takes the intiative as the eromenos remains passive. But, the ancient Greeks prohibited the relationship between a bearded man with yet another bearded man, and it was shameful that a bearded man becomes the passive one – or pathikos. The pedagogical pederasty is an illustration of a father-son relationship, where the erastes acts as a substitute father to help the young lad on his way to manhood, maturity, and to orient him to become a productive part of the society. The erastes demonstrates this affection by little presents ranging from a bottle of oil to money. The relationship was beneficial in both parties – the erastes provides education, protection, love and a role model for the eromenos – who offers beauty and admiration in turn. In modern theory, this is called sexual reciprocity. Gay does not necessarily mean one is less man or woman than a heterosexual. The ancient Greeks have never defined it in that way. Pedagogical pederasty and the sexual reciprocity that follows it are acts that only show the so-called love – in whichever form you wish to see it, may it be erotic or platonic. However, if we do know the origins of homosexuality, how does it actually affect us as individuals? We do obtain the full understanding of our identities in terms of our sexuality, and the understanding of others’ sexuality. This book simply implies the basic lesson of respect.

Overpopulation :: essays research papers

Overpopulation The twentieth century has drawn to a close and humanity faces the problem of being able to support its population without inducing catastrophic and irreversible destruction on Earth’s life-support systems. Throughout time, humankind has been living as though there are no consequences to its actions. But now, as people of the future, we see what is happening to the world that we live in. Despite all we know, these easily seen problems are still being ignored. Our actions in the past determine the present, and our actions now determine the future. In other words, we caused the overpopulation problems we are facing today, so we must also be the ones to solve them. Every day we share the Earth with 250,000 more people than the day before according to Zero Population Growth, a national non-profit organization working to slow population growth and achieve a sustainable balance of people, resources, and the environment. ZPG is the reason I have become an advocate and t hey have supplied most of my statistical information. Today’s children are likely to see a tripling of the global population within their lifetimes. These children our are next generation of parents, voters, consumers, and leaders. The choices they make are critical to stabilizing the population and protecting the environment. Educating the youth of the future will help them to understand the problems the earth faces and how they can help by influencing and being the political leaders who can adopt responsible population policies. One problem the earth and its inhabitants face today is our lack of resources due to of the increasing number of people. Tropical forests cover only 7 percent of the earth’s surface, but it holds over half of all plant and animal species in the world. The rate of destruction of these resources is now so far in excess of their renewable rates that they have effectively been turned into useless land. Although 3/4 of the earth is covered by wate r, less than one percent is readily available for human use. As the world population increases, this incredibly small amount of water will be the only supply for all humans, plants, and other animals on earth. Once this percent of water lessens even more, the agriculture will suffer, and people will have less food and so on. This cycle will continue until we consume all our natural resources. Humanity today is on a collision course due to our value system.

Annotated bib

Mean states â€Å"Antigen deserves the title role because her courage and conviction, her absolute and self-sacrificing defiance of Green's edict is the catalyst that creates the whole tragedy; but as the drama unfolds in performance, Green's incapacity to Andre the political and familial situation that he has created becomes more and more central†. The point of this statement is to tell how Antigen's disobedience, and loyalty to her brother created this play, but Is overshadowed by the impotence of King Akron.Antigen Is seen as a female hero while Akron Is not accepted as the tragic hero. Being faced with the death of his wife, and son, Green's nobility does not compare to that of Oldness. Antigen Is then described by Michael Means as being, â€Å"right to transgress against the role expected of a woman In fifth century Athens, and bury her brother herself†. Frank, Bernhard. Sophocles' Antigen. † Explicator 55(1997):187-1 89. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Ga g. 2014.In this literary critique Frank insists that the incest motif still remains very clear in this story as it did in Sophocles' Oedipus the King. He also states that the murder motive reappears. Antigen is described by Bernhard Frank as, â€Å"Rather than the â€Å"ill-fated bride† of Hammond, it is as the bride of her slain brother that Antigen may see herself'. This quote Is stating that she is mourning her brother so much that you would think she was his widow. Antigen Is then described as the, violent daughter of a violent father of a violent father†.Oedipus other daughter, Kinsmen Is described as hope at the end of literary work of art. She will probably marry out of her family. Kinsmen is called the future of her families never ending tragedy. Merchant, David Michael. â€Å"Antigen. â€Å"Masterpiece, Fourth Edition (2010):1-2. Literary Reference Center. Web. 26 Gag. 2014 There are many themes discussed in this literary critique written by David Michael Me rchant. The subjects of obedience to the laws provided by the gods before anything else, is family worth more than the state, ND the theme of consequences and choices.It is debated that Antigen was right for fulfilling her role In Grecian society, and burying Policies. In contrast, Croon Is looked as scum for trying to kill his niece, and son's fiance. Merchant then states, â€Å"Both Antigen and Croon stick stubbornly to what they feel are logical choices -but they are Limited In their knowledge and cannot foresee all the consequences of their choices†. Both of them do not listen to a council, which tries to guide them. If they audience to debate whether Antigen, or Croon wins this tragic war.

Carl Sandburg Research Paper

Brief Overview of Carl Sandburg: As I researched Carl Sandburg, I began to find that there were truly many sides to Carl Sandburg. First, he was a poet whose Chicago Poems brought him fame and recognition. He is often associated with the â€Å"Chicago Literary Renaissance,† which took place in the 1910s and 1920s and included such authors as Theodore Dreiser and Edgar Lee Masters. However, Sandburg never believed he was an author for one place alone and actually termed himself â€Å"The Eternal Hobo. † In his poems, however, Sandburg did celebrate the agricultural and industrial life of the common man. While often criticized for his unrhymed, free-verse style of poetry, Sandburg simply said, â€Å"Simple poems for simple folks. † He wrote of the struggle of the working classes and used simple, common language. He has been called Whitman-like, a realist, and an imagist. Second, he was a careful historian whose biographies of Abraham Lincoln are thought by many critics to be the most realistic and accurate. Sandburg had a deep love for Lincoln, but thought prior biographers had portrayed him too idealistically so that he seemed almost unreal. Sandburg's Abraham Lincoln: The War Years won him his first Pulitzer Prize. Lastly, Sandburg was an activist and a â€Å"man of the people. † He believed strongly in workers' rights, and had a great optimism about his ability to change the fates of â€Å"common people. † He indicated this politically with his involvement with the Socialist party and, later, with the Democratic party. He also used his poetry to express some of his political views. As stated before, in most of his poems, he celebrated the beauty (and realistically displayed the tragedy) of urban, industrial life. Finally, Sandburg was a folk singer and a children's author. As a hobo, he collected folksongs and later, after he gained recognition as a writer, he toured the country with these songs. He also wrote children's stories for his daughters and published several children's works. He truly was a man of the people. Biographical Sketch: 1878 January 6-Carl August Sandburg was born to Swedish immigrant parents August and Clara in Galesburg, Illinois. He was the second of seven children. 1885 Sandburg insists on being called â€Å"Charlie† to avoid discrimination against Swiss people. 891 June-Sandburg drops out of school after completing the 8th grade. Fall-Sandburg begins work at a dairy. 1897 Sandburg travels to Kansas as a hobo. This experience allows him to explore folk culture and see the differences between the rich and the poor. 1898 Sandburg enlists in the Spanish-American War, and is sent to Puerto Rico, where he serves for eight months. Sandburg returns to Galesburg and enr olls in Lombard College (now called Knox college) while working as a fireman. He attends for four years but never graduates. 904 In Reckless Ecstasy, Sandburg's first volume of poetry, is printed by his professor and mentor Phillip Green Wright. Sandburg learns to play the guitar, which will assist him in his tours of folksongs later in life. 1907 Wright prints Incidentals, another volume of Sandburg's poetry. Sandburg moves to Milwaukee and works as an organizer for the Wisconsin Social Democratic party. 1908 The Plaint of a Rose, another Sandburg volume, is printed by Wright. Sandburg writes socialist pamphlet You and Your Job June-Sandburg marries Lilian Steichen, whom he met at the Social Democratic party headquarters. She encourages him to restore his true name â€Å"Carl. † 1910 Sandburg begins work as secretary to the first Socialist mayor of Milwaukee, which he continues until 1912. 1911 Sandburg's first child, Margaret, is born. The Sandburgs would go on to have two more daughters, Janet and Helga. 1913 Sandburg moves with his family to Chicago (they make their home in Elmhurst). He becomes editor of â€Å"System,† a business magazine, and works for the â€Å"Chicago Daily News. † 1914 A group of Sandburg's poems appear in the Chicago-based Poetry magazine. Sandburg receives the Levinson prize for his poem â€Å"Chicago. 1915 Sandburg begins contributing to the International Socialist Review. 1916 Chicago Poems is published. Sandburg's fame begins to build. 1917 Sandburg declares himself a political independent, but continues to associate with the Democratic party. 1918 Cornhuskers is published. Sandburg begins writing editorials for the â€Å"Chicago Daily News. † He continues with this until 1923. 1919 Sandburg writes an analysis of the 1919 Chicago race riots. The Poetry Society of America honors him. 1920 Smoke and Steel, Sandburg's poetical ode to industrialism, is published. 921 Sandburg is again honored by The Poetry Society of America. 1922 Rootabaga Stories, a children's book written for his three daughters, is published. His editor suggests a children's book on Lincoln. 1923 Rootabaga Pigeons is published. 1926 Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years is published. This Sandburg's first true financial success. 1927 The American Songbag is published, which features folksongs. Sandburg gained recognition as he toured and sang these songs frequently. 1928 Good Morning, America is published. 1929 Country is published. Sandburg pens a biography of Edward Steichen, a famous photographer and brother of his wife. 1930 Potato Face is published. 1932 Mary Lincoln, Wife and Widow is published. 1936 The People, Yes is published. Sandburg campaigns for Franklin D. Roosevelt's election to the Presidency 1939 Abraham Lincoln: The War Years is published. 1940 Sandburg is awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. 1943 Home Front Memo is published. 1945 The Sandburg family moves to Flat Rock, North Carolina. 1948 Sandburg publishes his novel Remembrance Rock 1950 The New American Songbag is published. The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg is published. 1951 Sandburg wins a second Pulitzer Prize for Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg. 1953 Sandburg pens an autobiography, Always the Younger Strangers. 1960 Harvest Poems, 1910-1960 is published. Sandburg campaigns for John F. Kennedy. 1963 Honey and Salt, another volume of poems, is published. 1967 July 22-Sandburg dies in North Carolina. His ashes are returned to his Galesburg birthplace and placed in â€Å"Carl Sandburg Park† behind his house. The ashes are set beneath â€Å"Remembrance Rock. † Bibliography of Works and Awards Poetry Volumes –In Reckless Ecstasy (1904) –Incidentals (1907) –The Plaint of a Rose (1908) –Chicago Poems (1916) –Cornhuskers (1918) –Smoke and Steel (1920) –Slabs of the Sunburst West (1922) –Selected Poems (1926) –Good Morning, America (1928) –The People, Yes (1936) –Poems of the Midwest (1946) –The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg (1950) –Harvest Poems (1960) –Honey and Salt (1963) –Breathing Tokens (published posthumously in 1978) –Bill Sunday and Other Poems (published posthumously in 1993) –Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg (published posthumously in 1996) Lincoln Biographies –Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (two volumes published in 1926) –Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (four volumes published in 1939) –Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (one volume edition published in 1954) –A Lincoln Preface (1953) –Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow (1932) Other Nonfiction Works –You and Your Job (1908) –The Chicago Race Riots of 1919 (1919) –The American Songbag (1927) –Steichen the Photographer (1929) –Storm over the Land (1942) –Home Front Memo (1943) –Always the Younger Strangers (1953) –The Sandburg Range (1957) –Ever the Winds of Chance (a posthumously published autobiography, 1983) Fiction –Remembrance Rock (1948) Children's Books –Rootabaga Stories (1922) –Rootabaga Pigeons (1923) –Potato Face (1930) –Early Moon (1930) –Prairie-Town Boy (1955) –Wind Song (1960) Awards: –Levinson prize (from the magazine Poetry) for â€Å"Chicago† (1914) –The Poetry Society of America honors Sandburg in 1919 and 1921 –Pulitzer Prize for Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1940) –Pulitzer Prize for The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg (1951)

Foreign Intervention in Latin America

Foreign Intervention in Latin America Foreign Intervention in Latin America: One of the recurring themes of The History of Latin America is that of foreign intervention. Like Africa, India and the Middle East, Latin America has a long history of meddling by foreign powers, all of them European and North American. These interventions have profoundly shaped the character and history of the region. Here are some of the more important ones: The Conquest: The conquest of the Americas is probably the greatest act of foreign intervention in history. Between 1492 and 1550 or so when most native dominions were brought under foreign control, millions died, entire peoples and cultures were wiped out, and the wealth gained in the New World propelled Spain and Portugal into golden ages. Within 100 years of Columbus First Voyage, most of the New World was under the heel of these two European powers. The Age of Piracy: With Spain and Portugal flaunting their newfound wealth in Europe, other countries wanted to get in on the action. In particular, the English, French and Dutch all tried to capture valuable Spanish colonies and loot for themselves. During times of war, pirates were given official license to attack foreign ships and rob them: these men were called privateers. The Age of Piracy left profound marks in the Caribbean and coastal ports all over the New World. The Monroe Doctrine : In 1823, American President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which basically was a warning to Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere. Although the Monroe Doctrine did, in fact, keep Europe at bay, it also opened the doors for American intervention in the business of its smaller neighbors. French Intervention in Mexico: After the disastrous â€Å"Reform War† of 1857 to 1861, Mexico could not afford to pay off its foreign debts. France, Britain and Spain all sent forces to collect, but some frantic negotiating resulted in the British and Spanish recalling their troops. The French, however, stayed, and captured Mexico City. The famous Battle of Puebla, remembered on May 5, took place at this time. The French found a nobleman, Maximilian of Austria, and made him Emperor of Mexico in 1863. In 1867, Mexican forces loyal to President Benito Jurez re-took the city and executed Maximilian. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Due in part to the French intervention and also to a German incursion into Venezuela in 1901-1902, US President Theodore Roosevelt took the Monroe doctrine one step further. Basically, he reiterated the warning to European powers to keep out, but also said that the United States would be responsible for all of Latin America. This often resulted in the United States sending troops to countries that could not afford to pay their debts, such as Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, all of which were at least partially occupied by the US between 1906 and 1934. Halting the Spread of Communism: When fear of spreading communism gripped the United States after World War II, it would often intervene in Latin America in favor of conservative dictators. One famous example took place in Guatemala in 1954, when the CIA ousted leftist president Jacobo Arbenz from power for threatening to nationalize some lands held by the United Fruit Company, which was owned by Americans. The CIA would later attempt to assassinate Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in addition to mounting the infamous Bay of Pigs invasion. There are many more examples, too numerous to list here. The US and Haiti: The USA and Haiti have a complicated relationship dating back to the time both were colonies of England and France respectively. Haiti has always been a troubled nation, vulnerable to manipulation by the powerful country not far to the north. From 1915 to 1934 the USA occupied Haiti, fearing political unrest. The United States has sent forces to Haiti as recently as 2004 with the purpose of stabilizing the volatile nation after a contested election. Lately, the relationship has improved, with the USA sending humanitarian aid to Haiti after the destructive 2010 earthquake. Foreign Intervention in Latin America Today: Times have changed, but foreign powers are still very active in meddling in the affairs of Latin America. France still owns a colony (French Guyana) on mainland South America and the United States and Britain still control islands in the Caribbean. The United States has sent forces to Haiti as recently as 2004 with the purpose of stabilizing the volatile nation after a contested election. Many people believed that the CIA was actively trying to undermine the government of Hugo Chvez in Venezuela: Chvez himself certainly thought so. Latin Americans resent being bullied by foreign powers: it is their defiance of the United States that has made folk heroes out of Chvez and Castro. Unless Latin America gains considerable economic, political and military might, however, things do not look to change much in the short term.

Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Example

Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Example Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Outline and evaluate the use of one qualitative method in the academic study of sport Denzin and Lincoln (2000a) believe that qualitative research is guided by 3 principles: assumptions, values and beliefs. These work against, alongside or within positivist and post-positivist models. Quantitative research is the use of numerical measurements and analysis that involves measurable ‘quantities’ by Gratton and Jones (2004). Quantitative data is collected through closed questions as it is in place to provide facts. While qualitative data, on the other hand, predominantly uses open styled questions to gain more information through follow up questions, extensive answers and debates. There are many differences between the two paradigms with the researcher being objective, and ‘detached’ from the subject under investigation within quantitative data said by Gratton and Jones (2004). Moreover, qualitative research is rather the opposite, with the researcher being in place to gather more information from the participants in question. In addition to the previous, Morse, Swanson and Kuezel (2001) believe a quantitative research requires the researcher to carefully define variables that may be quantified with numbers. On the other hand, qualitative research is a more holistic perspective rather than a hypothesis confirmation. Berg and Latin (2008) believe qualitative research allows an open-ended and flexible approach to assessment. Within the qualitative paradigm there are several different data collection methods such as open questionnaires, interviews, observation, visual and textual analysis. I will be outlining and evaluating the use of interviews within the academic study of sport; this will be focused mainly on focus groups. Culver (2003) states that interviews are undoubtedly the most common method for collecting qualitative data within the study of sport. Pettigrew (1990) and Pettus (2001) also state ‘interviews offer a depth of information that permits the detailed exploration of particular issues in a way not possible with other forms of data collection’. Within this type of research method there are 4 different types of interviews; structured, semi-structured, unstructured and focus group. Structured interviews are face-to-face (researcher participant), consist of closed and pre-determined questions in addition to the structure being formal. Semi-structured interviews can be altered so that the participant(s) in question can ether clarify or elaborate on a particular topic/statement. The approach to data collection is flexible, with probes being used to gather additional information. Unstructured interviews have a set theme with the respondent leading the interview. The questions are developed throughout, as they are not pre-determined. These questions are open and flexible. A negative point to this interview structure is that there’s a chance the interview will lack focus. Focus groups lean towards being semi-structured with a discussion thesis being used within an open environment; focus groups consist of more than one person. John Amis (2005) believes ‘focus groups allow members to challenge each other, develop positions of consensus, and build on each other’s ideas’. In addition to this previous statement, Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can become a negative point if the researcher doesn’t keep the participants on topic, stating that ‘participants may be tempted to provide false data to make an impression upon others in the group’. This can be potentially avoided if you use either a random, or stratified random sample which has a divided population. Furthermore these participants won’t know one another. Within focus groups there is a large quantity of strengths; participants are able to elaborate on the particular subject(s) especially when the researcher uses probes. In conjunction to this Yin (1994) notes that the interviewer ‘provides perceived casual inferences’ from the actor’s, rather than the researcher’s point of view. As a focus group is generally unstructured or semi-structured it enables participants to reveal certain insight into their attitudes and behaviours in addition to important themes and unexpected data to emerge, Gratton and Jones (2010). Focus groups are more flexible as you can also gain visual and vocal information; for example body language, laughter, silence or careful consideration, their tone of voice, or even simply what particular participants are saying. This can lead to the researcher probing as certain participants will be more passionate about certain themes/topics. Moreover you are able to gain a relationship with your participants, which can lead to them being more open and true to the information they give within the group. In conjunction with this, participants are informed that everything discussed is kept confidential, therefore this will relax and ease participants so they’re able to engage fully within the discussions. Interviews require more resources in comparison to questionnaires. This could be in terms of time consumption or travelling, as a consequence resulting samples can be small, Gratton and Jones (2010). Particular participants could take control of the interview therefore becoming dominant; researchers must then put particular probes into practice ensuring other group members get involved to gain a more diverse collection of data. On the other hand, participants could find focus group environments intimidating and/or off-putting; which can lead to the participant(s) in question feeling under pressure to agree with the dominant participant. Evalued[online]) Analysing data can also be difficult in addition to recording the interview. John Amis (2005) states that it is irrespective of the type of interview, that the way data is recorded should be established prior and it is standard procedure to record the interview on audio tape. The researcher must also ensure that the data gathered is reliable. Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can be represen ted with the equation; ‘reliability = number of agreements/(number of agreements + disagreements)’. Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players is a research study extension on Holland and colleagues’ (2010) study into required psychological qualities of young talented rugby players, Woodcock et al (2011). Focus groups were completed following Kruger and Casey’s (2000) recommended size of 6 to 8 participants, ensuring that you don’t exceed 10. One group broke this guideline with 2 participants participating within SAS (Sports Administration Staff), which could hinder studied data with the chance of agreement being likely and information being limited. Stewart, Shamdasani, and Rook (2007) warn that fewer than eight participants can lead to a narrow discussion biased toward the views of a few individuals. Focus groups were held in familiar and comforting environments in addition to neutral locations for parents, which was in place to make participants feel more at ease. The focus group was semi-structured with the moderator using probes to gain a more in-depth insight into their views and beliefs. Furthermore the moderator gained a relationship with the participants on entry so that they’d feel comfortable along with this method aiding them to participate within group discussions. Through using focus groups Woodcock et al (2011) founded 5 new subgroups within the 11 higher order themes identified by young players in Holland et al, (2010). These 5 subthemes were: off pitch communication, reflection on their abilities in an objective manner, taking information and reproducing it as a physical action, dealing with injuries as well as attitude towards injuries and that players need to be problem solvers, able to adapt and overcome challenges. Parents and coaches supported development of individuals, not just in their rugby involvement but within other areas of life. Furthermore they discussed interactions that reinforced development within professional and performance environments. SAS highlighted within the study that the under-16 rugby programme was designed specifically to gradually challenge players and foster development of certain psychological qualities Woodcock et al (2011). This focus group helped gain further knowledge and insight within the psychological side of elite adolescent rugby players. Furthermore the ways in which parents, coaches and the SAS develop these players’ psychological in general day to day environments. A large majority of the research gathered corresponds Holland and colleagues (2010) study. Gender perception of Wrestling is a case study in place to gain research on whether or not wrestling is a sport primarily for male athletes. This focus group consist of eight participants from both genders (stratified random sample), which was also semi-structured. Sports managers and administrators for wrestling are presented with the opportunity to encourage women to take part. For this to take place sports managers and/or administrators need to understand how women perceive the sport. Pfister, (2010) and Ward, (2010) state that there is a growing number of women participating in sports with some women competing successfully in traditionally masculine sports. Data collected from the focus group was substantial, with views from each gender being different; this therefore made the study stand out more due to its hypothesis. The focus group underlined that they perceived wrestling to be more violent than other sports such as judo and taekwondo as self-defence wasn’t an explicit objective, Leng (2012). Participants also reviewed the physical attributes of a wrestler, as of this they clearly stated wrestling was a sport for athletes who possess more physical attributes. Moreover, participants didn’t regard wrestling as a sport favouring the participation of a particular gender. To conclude this case study qualitative data collected via participants within the focus group were views which outlined gender beliefs. It is clear to see that focus groups are irreplaceable when accumulating qualitative research data within the academic study of sport. Gibbs (1997) states that the purpose of focus group research is to draw upon respondents’ attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions. Focus groups gather a whole source of information that cannot be obtained without debates and different views. When structured correctly the researcher is able to gain rich data that he can then press forward to ether make changes or put different methods in practice. Focus groups are best used when gaining data on something meaningful to the participants and/or collecting data for something that affects a large majority of people. Something else gathered from this is that when the moderator/research gains a relationship with the participant it is easier to gain more in-depth information. Bibliography Andrews, D. L. , Mason, D. S. and Silk, M. L. (2005) Qualitative Data in Sports Studies. New York: Berg. Berg, K. E and Latin, R. W. (2008) Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Research (3rd Edition). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Gratton, C. and Jones, I. (2004) Research Methods of Sports Studies (1st Edition). London: Routledge. Gratton, C. and Jones, I (2006) Research Methods of Sports Studies (2nd Edition). Oxon: Routledge. Woodcock, C. , Holland, M. J. G. , Duda, J. L, and Cumming, J. 2011) Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players: Parents, Coaches, and Sport Administration Staff Perceptions and Supporting Roles. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 411-433. Leng, H. K. ; Kang, S. Y. ; Lim, C. ; Lit, J. J. ; Suhaimi, N. I. ; Umar, Y. (2012) Only For Males: Gendered Perception of Wrestling. Choregia, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p43. Gibbs, A. (1997) Social Research Update, Issue 19 [online]. Available: http://sru. soc. surrey. ac. uk/SRU19. html [8th Novemb er 2012] Evalued (2006) Focus Groups [online]. Available: evalued. bcu. ac. uk/tutorial/4b. htm [ 8th November 2012]

Sulfur Hexafluoride, the Anti-Helium

Sulfur Hexafluoride, the Anti-Helium Sulfur hexafluoride is a non-toxic, invisible gas that you can use to perform interesting chemistry demonstrations. Breathe it in and make your voice much deeper when you talk. Pour it into a container and float an airplane or a ship on nothing. In a way, it is like the anti-helium gas, because while helium is about six times lighter than air, sulfur hexafluoride is six times heavier. Sulfur Hexafluoride Facts Inorganic compound with a chemical formula SF6Non-polar gasNon-toxic, odorless, colorlessnNn-flammable at room temperature and pressureOctahedral geometryPoorly soluble in water; soluble in nonpolar organic solventsDensity of 6.13 g/L at sea level Fun Things to Try with Sulfur Hexafluoride Float Your Boat: Pour sulfur hexafluoride into an aquarium or large beaker. It is heavier than air, so it will sink. You can float light objects on the invisible gas, such as a paper airplane or a boat made from aluminum foil. If you use a cup to scoop up some of the sulfur hexafluoride and dump it into a foil boat, you can sink it.Talk or Sing with a Deep Voice: Sulfur hexafluoride is denser than air, so sound travels through it more slowly. If you breathe in a lungful of sulfur hexafluoride, your voice will become much deeper. Even though sulfur hexafluoride is non-toxic, you need to use care when performing this demonstration to avoid hypoxia and fainting (the same caution applies to helium). Dont breathe the gas for prolonged periods of time. Where You Can Get Sulfur Hexafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride is a specialty gas, used in medicine for eye surgery and ultrasound imaging; in industry as a tracer gas, dielectric, and as an etchant; and mixed with argon as an insulator between layers of windows. It has enough uses that you may be able to find it at a store that sells specialty gasses (try the yellow pages), such as oxygen, argon, and nitrogen.

BB1751 Quantitative Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BB1751 Quantitative Methods - Research Paper Example The results have been tabulated and compared to show comparisons between the restaurants, their sizes, sales, types, employees, etc. Results are expressed in thousands of pounds. The survey results represent 279 completed self-reporting mail surveys. The respondents were asked to quantify various specific restaurant facts. Most surveys were filled out completely while some were partially completed. When tabulated the blank entries were recorded as "no response". The respondents were asked to relate the general business outlook on a 1 - 7 scale where 1 represents very unfavourable and 7 represents very favourable. The following pie chart helps explain the results: The chart helps report the following results of the general business outlook: 14% reported very unfavourable, 14% reported less favourable, 24% reported unfavourable, 26% reported favourable, 18% reported more favourable, 3% most favourable, 1% very favourable, and 0% no response. The majority of respondents reported the general business outlook as favourable. The majority (51%) of businesses reported that they were small with less than ten employees. Medium size businesses made up of 10 to 20 employees were of 24% of the total. Large businesses, those with 20 or more employees were (21%) of the total. 5% of the respondents reported no size. Total sales for small businesses... rket value for all businesses in the sector was measured at 83788 with a high of 12000 for one business and an average market value of 349.12 for all businesses. The total cost of goods sold measured 12.6% of total sales and wages measured 7% of total sales. The total spent on advertising within the sector was 2726. Respondents reported that of the restaurants in the sector 53% were fast food, 33% were Business Dinner/Lunch, 10% were Private Dinner/Lunch, and 4% left that question blank. The total seating capacity reported within the sector were 19173 seats with the average being 72 seats and the highest being 550 seats. Restaurants within the sector are sole ownership (38%), partnership (9%), or company owned (48%). 5% of the respondents left the question blank. The following chart gives the percentage breakdown: The Average number of fulltime employees per business is 11 and the average number of part-time employees if 13. The majority (51%) of businesses reported that they were small with less than ten employees. Medium size businesses made up of 10 to 20 employees were of 24% of the total. Large businesses, those with 20 or more employees were (21%) of the total. 5% of the respondents reported no size. Total sales for small businesses were reported as 18927, medium 17494, and large 45822. Average sales per small business were reported as 145.59, medium business 291.57, and large business 848.56. Large businesses made more overall, with small businesses next and medium business sales falling about 1500 behind the small businesses. The averages followed the small, medium, large pattern. The business outlook based upon restaurant type was pretty much the same with the average scores between 3.3 and 3.4. That represents a reporting between

The first sale doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The first sale doctrine - Essay Example Moreover, FSD serves to promote public access to information and culture since it functions as a vital limit on the copyright owner’s right to control the disposition of a work that is copyrighted. People can easily share digital copyrighted works. The FSD preserves and makes available works which are off the market; this is especially amplified within the library context. It also keeps prices low. When publishers realize that they are no longer economically beneficial to keep on producing particular works, the publication of those works will cease. Without the FSD, preservation as well as circulation of those works would also come to an end. Nonetheless, with thrift shops, museums, libraries along with other 3rd parties able to purchase, sell, store and have possession of these works, they are preserved for posterity (Frankel & Harvey, 2011). With this principle and the digitization of media, content has become more available to the public. FSD basically serves to provide a m eans for works to remain in circulation after they are no longer printed, or after the owner of the copyright has withdrawn them from the marketplace. This is a particularly vital function for institutions such as libraries. In the digital marketplace, these benefits are experienced to a considerably large extent. For instance, a book in digital form and copied page by page could be easily reproduced and accessed at one time and easily by everyone. Such physical copies cannot be easily copied in real space. The FSD has allowed buyers of copyrighted materials such as ebooks, music/film DVDs, CDs to resell or utilize the work in several ways with no permission from the holder of the copyright and has made things such as eBay and video rental stores legal (Perzanowski & Schultz, 2010). Question 8: To what extent does the online market today provide opportunities to engage in actions made possible by the first sale doctrine in the analog world, such as sharing favorite books with friend s, or enabling the availability of less-than-full-price versions to students? The marketplace presently does not provide such opportunities primarily because of license terms. The doctrine was established during a period of permanent physical reproductions of books, and the doctrine might be losing its relevance in today’s digital age (Small & Roberts, 2012). In the current era characterized by licenses, people are more and more acquiring films, music and software through downloads which incorporate license terms. This has prevented people from owning copies; rather, they are simply licensees and have no right to re-sell. The FSD was meant to protect purchasers of copies of works that are copyrighted who want to resell their copies by preventing copyright holders from asserting that such re-sales breach their exclusive right of distributing and selling reproductions of the works. Consequently, FSD led to a robust rental and re-sale market for music CDs, films, video games, bo oks among other copyrighted materials with the exception of software (McSherry, 2012). Nonetheless, with the advent of the digital age, FSD presented challenges to some holders of copyright who want to control the re-sale market for their works. FSD is only applicable after the sale of the copyrighted mater

How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect Essay

How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect the future injobs and colleges - Essay Example E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. (Jackson, 2007) Any organization would dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. Different persuasions come across within business communication tenets. One is based on the direct persuasive abilities while others are more sedate and passive in nature. Similarly, messages might range from a formal nature to one of an informal one. Job search mechanisms within an organization might become significant when there is a need to hire new employees. For this process, cover letters and resumes are checked upon so that aspiring candidates could be called upon and given a chance to express their strengths in the interview sessions. A successful communication system is achieved by training and assistance for the employees within their offices and work places. Be a company in Calcutta, Brisbane or Hong Kong, it is necessary for the company owners to understand the need for a solid platform for all people within it, the ones interacting with it and all the rest to talk freely and express the ideas and share the thoughts which are so very necessary for the development of ties among different branch outlets of a company and more than that, the people within them. There is a need for a code-breaker within the business, which understands what the other person is saying and what he/she is trying to pass through his/her judgments, more so

Pepsi Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pepsi - Case Study Example The company has heavily relied on the use of social media in order to promote its products. The case even outlines how Pepsi plans to distribute the grants and how grant proposals can be submitted. There are various commonalities that can be identified by reviewing the slogans that Pepsi has used to advertise itself. One of the most common themes in these slogans was the youth of the society. In various slogans Pepsi has associated itself with people from the younger generation for example the slogan of 1961 states that those individuals who think that they are young should consume Pepsi. In order to target the youth and to develop its image as a product that has been developed for the youth the slogans mostly focus on the elements of adventure and youthfulness. Another theme that the company has used to advertise its cola is the theme of social ability. It has tried to again and again create the idea that people who aim to socialize more or are individuals who find it easy to socialize should drink Pepsi Cola. Pepsi has quite effectively used different elements of the marketing mix and has left no stone unturned to reach their consumers. They have used the element of advertising by aggressively using social media and they have even advertised on more than 30 cable television channels as well as sponsored reality shows. They have used the element of public relations in which they are trying to develop healthy relationships by positioning themselves as a socially responsible company (Du, 2000, p.3). For the purpose of public relation they have used the refresheverything.com website that allows webpage visitors to select different social causes that need donations and funding. Furthermore, they have use public celebrities such as Mark Sanchez to act as spokespersons of their new grant campaign. Overall the company has quite effectively used various marketing mix elements and created a well-designed

Religious Opposition To Modern States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religious Opposition To Modern States - Essay Example Several deadly terrorist attacks by radical Islamic fundamentalists have targeted American citizens and interests. But the hatred reached a new intensity with the Sept. 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 5,000 people and demolishing global symbols of American economic might. Now, even as the United States and its allies seek to destroy Osama bin Laden's terrorist network, critics are questioning America's sensitivity to the concerns of the Islamic world and beyond. In his article, Juergensmeyer continued to cite about how politics have come to become inclined to subsume religious issues:Insofar as the US public and its leaders embraced the image of war following the September 11 attacks, the US view of the war was also prone to religionization. "God Bless America" became the country's unofficial national anthem. US President George Bush spoke of defending America's "righteous cause" and of the "absolute evil" of its enemies. However, the US military engagement in the months following September 11 was primarily a secular commitment to a definable goal and largely restricted to objectives in which civil liberties and moral rules of engagement still applied.   In purely religious battles waged in divine time and with heavenly rewards, there is no need to compromise goals. There is also no need to contend with society's laws and limitations when one is obeying a higher authority. In spiritualizing violence, religion gives the act of violence remarkable power.

Pepsi Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pepsi - Case Study Example The company has heavily relied on the use of social media in order to promote its products. The case even outlines how Pepsi plans to distribute the grants and how grant proposals can be submitted. There are various commonalities that can be identified by reviewing the slogans that Pepsi has used to advertise itself. One of the most common themes in these slogans was the youth of the society. In various slogans Pepsi has associated itself with people from the younger generation for example the slogan of 1961 states that those individuals who think that they are young should consume Pepsi. In order to target the youth and to develop its image as a product that has been developed for the youth the slogans mostly focus on the elements of adventure and youthfulness. Another theme that the company has used to advertise its cola is the theme of social ability. It has tried to again and again create the idea that people who aim to socialize more or are individuals who find it easy to socialize should drink Pepsi Cola. Pepsi has quite effectively used different elements of the marketing mix and has left no stone unturned to reach their consumers. They have used the element of advertising by aggressively using social media and they have even advertised on more than 30 cable television channels as well as sponsored reality shows. They have used the element of public relations in which they are trying to develop healthy relationships by positioning themselves as a socially responsible company (Du, 2000, p.3). For the purpose of public relation they have used the refresheverything.com website that allows webpage visitors to select different social causes that need donations and funding. Furthermore, they have use public celebrities such as Mark Sanchez to act as spokespersons of their new grant campaign. Overall the company has quite effectively used various marketing mix elements and created a well-designed

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been - Essay Example The story describes Connie as a young and beautiful girl who grows up in the Suburbia in the years between 1960. During this period, the author describes there were few beautiful girls who would be determined to expose their beauty to the entire society. Although the young girls were beautiful, most of the parents opted for their daughter to remain indoors. Joyce Carol Oates the author of the story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† illustrates that since Connie was young, she spend most of her time in front of a mirror confirming her beauty. This made Connie’s mother irritates and pissed off since her daughter was wasting time in confirming her beauty instead of concentrating on other life aspects (Oates 1). At some point, the author, Joyce quotes in the story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† that, â€Å"stop wasting time and gawking at yourself, who do you think you are, you think your pretty†. Joyce identifies that the mother was provoked with the number of times her daughter wasted time in confirming and bragging her beauty. Connie also had an elder sister, June but she was not as beautiful as the young and attractive Connie appeared. Although June was the eldest of the two, one would mistake Connie to be the first-born. June was older at the age of twenty-four and still lived with the parents. She worked in a high school as the secretary and saved the maximum money she could to rescue the family (Oates 4). June was innocent and never made any trouble to the family as Connie did to the rest of the family. June always listen to her mother’s words and followed every instruction given. This was totally contrary to the sister, Connie, who decides to listen to the friends. In the story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, the author, Joyce identifies that Connie continued with her trends and even started going out with friends. This made the situation even worse after she was introduced to

Attack on Pearl Harbour Essay Example for Free

Attack on Pearl Harbour Essay Attack on Pearl Harbour: * On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air attack on the U. S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After just two hours of bombing, more than 2,400 Americans were dead, 21 ships had either been sunk or damaged, and more than 188 U. S. aircraft destroyed * U. S. abandoned its policy of isolationism and declared war on Japan the following day officially bringing the United States into World War II. The Japanese were tired of negotiations with the United States * They wanted to continue their expansion within Asia but the United States had placed an extremely restrictive embargo on Japan in the hopes of curbing Japans aggression * Rather than giving in to U. S. demands, the Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States in an attempt to destroy the United States naval power even before an official announcement of war was given * The morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor began. At 6:00 a. m. the Japanese aircraft carriers began launching their planes amid rough sea * The American Navy was completely unaware that an attack was imminent * Attacking the U. S. aircraft on Oahu was an essential component of the Japanese attack plan * The Japanese were believed that in destroying a large portion of the U. S. airplanes, then they could proceed unhindered in the skies above Pearl Harbor. Plus, a counter-attack against the Japanese attack force would be much more unlikely * By 9:45 a. m. , just less than two hours after the attack had begun, the Japanese planes left Pearl Harbor and headed back to their aircraft carriers. The attack on Pearl Harbor was over * The death toll among Americans was quite high. A total of 2,335 servicemen were killed and 1,143 were wounded. Sixty-eight civilians were also killed and 35 were wounded * At 12:30 p. m. on the day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave an address to Congress in which he declared that December 7, 1941 was a date that will live in infamy. * At the end of the speech, Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan, officially bringing the United States into World War II

Assertiveness and Effective Leadership

Assertiveness and Effective Leadership ASSERTIVENESS AND EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP By Joseph Santora This article deals with the study of the right level of assertiveness that should be use in having an effective leadership. These are the key points that I observe with this reading: Leaders should have managerial competencies in order to be successful in any organization, one of these characteristics that people are looking in good managers is his/her assertiveness. The connection between leadership and assertiveness isnt that clear, there have been studies from the past regarding the relationship of leadership and assertiveness. Studies shows that there are certain levels of assertiveness that should be use in different situations in   order to become an effective leader. On the first study, assertiveness was not consorted with leadership strength but rather it was considered as a weakness of a leader. Regardless of the level of assertiveness used, whether it is low assertiveness or high assertiveness, both were considered as weakness of a potential managers. On the second study, it was viewed that people with moderate and low levels of assertiveness are much appreciated when it comes to conflict management and their influence to other, rather than people with high level of assertiveness, wherein they are still viewed as least effective leaders. The third study conducted focuses on older managers and the result is leaders with too low in assertiveness were seen as weak for getting things done but are successful with their social relationship in the organization, while leaders with high level of assertiveness may be able to get things done but suffers his/her social life at work. Though there are a lot of suggestions, the conclusion to this study is having a moderate level of assertiveness is more likely to be effective in leadership both in social and organizational goals. However, they should be flexible on the level of their assertiveness depending on the demand of certain situations. How can you make use of the article in your daily life? For me, assertiveness in my life means being aggressive and fierce in getting things done or in any circumstances. I think I can relate the level of assertiveness in my daily life as a spouse. Being a wife to my a bit temperamental husband, where his mood swings were kinda unpredictable, I have to make sure of the right level of assertiveness to apply in dealing with him especially when problem comes to avoid CHAOS. LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES OF EXECUTIVES By S. Limbare The study deals about the relationship between leadership styles and management styles of executives, here are the list of key points that I have taken into about what the article wants to convey. Leadership is basically the ability to influence others to direct them in attaining specific goals, moulding their attitudes and behavior, and motivating them. There are eight different styles of leadership according to Reddin (1970) and these are the following: Deserter Leadership style means uninvolved or passive, who allows things to just happen and accept what other people would do without trying to change them. Missionary style of leadership is primarily interested harmony and would avoid any conflict as much as possible. Autocrat leadership style shows no confidence and lack concerns to others. And just interested in getting the job done. Usually self centered kind of leadership where it keeps all the control of the org within himself. Compromiser style of leader is a poor decision maker, who would easily give up on something in order to end an argument or dispute. Bureaucrat is normally based on following the rules and procedures and control the situation for their own sake. Developer leadership style based his trust on people and is mainly concern in developing them as individual goal setter. Benevolent autocrat knows exactly what he wants form people and the situation and knows how to get things done in his own way without causing resentment. Executive is a good motivator who sets high standards treats everyone differently and prefers team management. There are four main avoidance styles of conflict management at preventing or postponing conflict in different ways and these are: Resignation the extreme avoidance adopted in helpless situations. Wedrawal getting away with conflict. Defusion the style that buys time or delays the dealing with conflict. Appeasement style means agreeing temporarily with the group not because it is convinced but just to avoid conflicts. There are four approaches modes or styles that are used in dealing with conflict and finding a solution and these are: Confrontation is use to fight out an issue to get a solution in favor of one side. It is often adopted by management and may involve coercion and likely to fail in having solution. Compromise process of sharing the gain without resolving the conflict. Arbitration where a third party is sought to assess the situation and provide solutions. Negotiation jointly discussion in dealing with the problem and finding solutions. Different studies were made and same findings are missionary style of a leader was the most preferred and deserter leader was the most rejected. And that appeasement management style was the most preferred style in dealing with conflict. The modes and styles of conflict management and managerial leadership style of managers By khan Key points from the journal reading: Conflict in an organization is inevitable, because it is made up of individuals or group that affect one another with their actions. It can involve incompatible differences between parties that would result to opposition and violation of rules and procedures. Conflict signifies commitment, involvement and caring. In this study there are five styles of conflict management, these are: Competition, the use of this style in dealing with the conflict solution is the attempt to affect very strongly the opponent by the use of formal authority, power or threats. Collaboration is mutual problem solving, where parties are face to face in discussing the issues. It is frequently viewed as a win approach because the solution is sought by all the participants for their advantages. Avoidance a situation where one party avoids the other to prevent demonstration of disagreement, it is either withdrawal or suppression. Accommodation it is viewed as a self-sacrificing behavior, where one party puts the other partys interest first. Compromise is created when each party gives up something to come up with the solution. There are different kind of leadership style that was tackled in this journal these are: Concern for people leaders considers the needs of their members. Concern for production leader emphasizes high productivity, organizational efficiency in deciding how to complete the task. Country club leadership high people but low production because people operates under the assumption that as long as they are happy and secure they will work hard. The direction and control of the org suffers. Produce or perish leader also known as authoritarian or compliance leaders, strict rules, policies and views punishment to motivate the employees. Viewed as high production but low in people. Impoverished leadership it is a low production and low people approach and most ineffective. Middle of the road leadership medium production and medium people where leaders settle for average performance. Team leadership according to Blake mouton this is the pinnacle of managerial style. Where leader stress the production needs and people need equally high. In their analysis, it is revealed that most managers used the accommodating and collaborating conflict management mode to handle issue in an organization. Conflict management, efficacy, performance in an organizational team By s. alper Key points of the article: In a traditional hierarchical organizations, employees are expected to inform their managers or supervisors of problems and conflicts and abide by their decision. In organizations that use teams, employees are supposed to resolve problems and conflicts by themselves. There are some theories that argued that employees will work more effectively when they are in control of their own internal functioning and work coordination without eternal supervision. Employees are expected to resolve issues around their personalities, work roles and habits, production procedures and quality of work to best way to complete the task. Individuals who believe they can perform needed actions exert effort are productive than those with little efficacy are unproductive and fail to take initiative to contribute to the organizations. Group efficacy have important effects on team performance. Conflict is central to organizational groups that is why conflict efficacy may contribute significantly to the team overall performance. With low levels of efficacy the teams are unable to perform effectively. Conflict efficacy the belief of team members that they could successfully manage different conflict situations. Some studies support that competitive conflict has a largely negative impact on conflict efficacy. Teams that relied to competitive conflict were found to have exhibit low levels of conflict efficacy and reduced group performance. Organizational teams that rely on cooperative approaches to conflicts appears to be good candidates in working effectively for the organization because of their autonomy. Organizational teams do not improve by themselves, teams are not expected to automatically feel empowered and confident to deal with conflicts in any situation. Empowering them and giving them the proper enhancements to manage conflict would definitely give them the positive attitudes to do the work effectively and resolve conflicts. The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: a close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies and team outcomes.

The Problems of Anxiety Disorders :: Anxiety Disorders Psychiatry Health Essays

The Problems of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a normal reaction to a threatening situation and results from an increase in the amount of adrenaline from the sympathetic nervous system. This increased adrenaline speeds the heart and respiration rate, raises blood pressure, and diverts blood flow to the muscles. These physical reactions are appropriate for escaping from danger but when they cause anxiety in many situations throughout the day, they may be detrimental to a normal lifestyle. An anxiety disorder is a disorder where feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety are disruptive or cause distortions in behavior, (Coon, 526); they are psychiatric illnesses that are not useful for normal functioning. At times, an underlying illness or disease can cause persistent anxiety. Treatment of the illness or disease will stop the anxiety. Anxiety illnesses affect more than 23 million Americans with about 10 million Americans suffering from the most common, general anxiety disorder . (Harvard, 1). Common anxiety disorders are panic attacks (panic disorder), phobias, and general anxiety disorder (GAD). Panic attacks Panic attacks can begin with a feeling of intense terror followed by physical symptoms of anxiety. A panic attack is characterized by unpredictable attacks of severe anxiety with symptoms not related to any particular situation. (Hale, 1886). The person experiencing the attack may not be aware of the cause. Symptoms include four or more of the following: pounding heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness, chest pain, shaking, sweating, choking, nausea, depersonalization, numbness, fear of dying, flushes, fear of going crazy. Heredity, metabolic factors, hyperventilation, and psychological factors may contribute to anxiety causing panic attacks. (Hale, 1886) Panic disorder tends to run in families with first degree relatives of patients having four to seven times greater risk than the general population. Metabolically, the levels of three neurotransmitters, nor-epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric aci d (GABA), and serotonin, may play a role in anxiety. These neurotransmitters act as signals between brain cells. Drugs that change the levels of these neurotransmitters are useful in the treatment of anxiety. Hyperventilation (rapid shallow breathing) can cause a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood. This decrease in carbon dioxide has been associated with anxiety. Anxiety can be caused by psychological factors as well. One theory is that there is an unconscious conflict between certain wishes and desires, and guilt associated with these desires. Another theory is that certain fearful childhood situations provoke anxiety later. This later theory has been associated with agoraphobia in that the fear of being abandoned in the past may lead to fear of public places.

Lab #3 Report. Isolation of bacteria from environment

LAB Report #3 Introduction: In this lab we have focus on Isolation of bacteria from environment. Microorganisms are found throughout the environment: in the air and water; on the surface of any object such as clothes, walls, furniture; in soil and dust; and on and in our own bodies (skin and mucous membranes). In order to demonstrate the ubiquity and diversity of microbes in the environment, samples from immediate areas of the environment and/or from your body will be obtained and cultured. Materials: 4 sterile cotton swab, sterile water in test tube, 4 agar plates and 2 blood agar plates, wax pencil and labels.Procedure: Appropriately label the cover of each plate as indicated in lab. 1. Determine 2 sampling sources, one from your body and one from the surrounding environment. 2. For the first agar plate, for sampling from air, remove the lids from the plate and allow it to sit uncovered for 15 minutes. 1. For second agar plate, open the â€Å"stick† end of the sterile cotton swabs to avoid contamination of the swab. Deep the swab in to the sterile water and collect a dust form the corner of the table by swab and rub the swab over the entire surface of the Petri dish without going back over areas you have already swabbed. . For the third agar plate, divide the plate in two different parts like washed and unwashed finger tip and swipe on each side of plate, see the difference between them. 4. For the forth agar plate, divide it into the four equal part and tested four different place for bacterial grow. In first part, remove the sterile cotton swab from the package and immerse it in the sterile water and take the bacteria from forearm and swipe the swab on first part.For second part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from back of ear and rub on the second part. For third part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from handle of microscope and swip e on the third part. For last part, again take the sterile cotton swab and deep in to the sterile water, and take the bacteria from toilet sit and swipe on the forth part. 5. For the fifth slide, we take blood agar plate and drawing line in central part of the plate.For one part used for kiss on that part and second part used for licked on that part for bacteria grow. 6. For last, we take another blood agar plate and we had to cough on this agar plate. Leave all agar plates in the incubator for 1 week to grow bacteria. Discussion: After one week, I was able to observe my Petri plates, which were filled with bacteria. The first plate had few yellow color colonies. That shows bacterial growth. Air was contaminant. For second plate, it had huge yellowish and few brownish color colonies and clear halos around them.Dust also had bactria. For third plate, on unwashed part had more yellowish color tiny spots and on washed part had few whitish color tiny spot. Washed had few bacteria that m ay be from the water while unwashed hand had more bacterial contamination. For forth agar plate, first part had more yellowish color spots, second part had more brownish color spot, third part had no bacterial colonies and forth part had only three yellowish color colonies. That show microscope handle is not bacterial contaminant while all other object is contaminant with bacteria.For the first blood agar plate, for the side that was kissed had huge brownish color spot and there were clear halos around it, and on other side that was licked had brownish color line. Bacteria also present in both sample. For the second blood agar plate, there is no discoloration in the plate so I think there have not bacterial growth in the Petri dish. Conclusion: In this lab we have focus on mainly â€Å" Isolation of bacteria from environment â€Å" and to observe the growth of bacteria in favorable condition and observation of the color and shape of the bacterial colony.Bacteria are found in a wid e variety of environments—in or on animals and plants, in water, in soil, in air, or on rock. Generally, they are contributors to the environment, decaying nutrients and recycling the minerals (for use by plants and other organisms). Bacteria are both metabolically diverse as well as structurally diverse. As I have learned we carry bacteria when we are in perfect health as well when we are sick. From this lab we have learned that bacteria are present everywhere but we can achieve healthy life by hygiene.

Twelfth Night Explores the Nature of Love

The play Twelfth Night explores many different types of love between it's characters. With so much love and so many different levels and kinds, love easily appears to be the central theme of the play from the complex love triangle between Viola, Oliva and Orsino to hinted at homosexual love from Antonio to Sebastion, it is easily the central theme. The first love in the play is Orsino's love for Olivia. Although Orsino has never met Oliva before in his life he claims to be madly in love with her and sends messenger after messenger to tell her of his love. This uneducated and mostly appearance related love could easily just be infatuation. This could be proven when Orsino quickly asks Viola to marry him as though he never loved Oliva to begin with. Another, but a lot different, example of love in Twelfth Night is the self love Malvolio has for himself. Malvolio only cares about his social rank, becoming a gentleman. Then when he receives the letter from â€Å"Olivia† he becomes ecstatic and even says that he will make him the real head of the house rather then just a steward if they marry. The plans to use Olivia's love for him as a tool to reach where he wants to be. Another example of love, and probably the most true, is Viola's love for Orsino. Viola's love for Orsino is the most true because Viola and Orsino really know eachother. They talk and spend time together, even if they are both â€Å"men† they manage to get to know eachother. Also their live seems true because even though she loves Orsino she would go try and â€Å"Woo† Oliva so Orsino could be happy. There is also little ways showing love in the play Twelfth Night. For instance the idea that Antonio loves Sebastian is brought up by the way he speaks to Sebastian and the way he comes to Llyria with him even though he can go to jail. The last example of love is Maria and Toby, we know that Maria's love is true but whether or not Toby loves her is a mystery. Oliva's love for Cesario, Toby and Maria, Oliva and Sebastian, â€Å"Oliva's† letter to Malvolio, Viola and Orsino, and Orsino's love for Oliva easily show that love is a central them in Twelfth Night.

Malcom X Summary

Malcolm X’s Prison Education Malcolm X was an African American Muslim minister who, as a teen, spent most of his time hustling people and getting into trouble. This soon landed him in prison. During his prison sentence he became self-educated, which led him to be an articulate speaker, to discover the true history of African American slaves, and to become a strong advocator of human rights. Malcolm X’s â€Å"A Homemade Education†, starts off in a soft and calm tone. X uses a persuasive style narrative from the Autobiography of Malcolm X to share his story.By the end of the essay his tone has changed to a more angry and demanding style. While in prison, X explains how he began writing letters to Mr. Elijah Muhammad, a Muslim leader, but, not being able to write in an articulate manner, X began getting frustrated because he could not express what he wanted to say. He also states that he could not keep a conversation with his prison friend Bimbi or even understand t he books he read because of his lack of knowledge.X says that he got a hold of a dictionary and began to copy word for word everything, learning more words and what they meant. He also says went to the prison library and read books about science, history, and slavery. X was most inspired by Mr. Muhammad’s teachings. X explains that in one of Mr. Muhammad’s teachings, Mr. Muhammad stressed how history had been â€Å"whitened,† in other words, that black history was left out of history books (95). He says he immediately began to search in the library for books that would inform him about black history.He says he read many books about black history and the early struggles for freedom. X states he will never forget how shocked he was when he read about the brutality of slavery or the illustrations of black slave women being tied up and beaten, children being taken away from families, and dogs hunting down slaves. X explains how he read books about the histories of v arious nations and learned that the white men had made all non-white people suffer, especially in India and China.He explains how the British white man controlled much of India and how people of India refused to obey orders and were beaten and killed. X also explains the Opium War in China and that some observers in China have reported that the world had never known such a hate campaign as is now going on in this non-white country (98). Reading about the various histories of the world, X found a common theme; white men were not liked by many civilizations. X states that he never knew that reading in prison would change the course of his life.He says his homemade education has given him more than a college degree could ever give him and that it is worth more than a college education because it is knowledge that no one can take away from him. Malcolm X states he has learned a lot from his reading about black history, he stresses that black men should not only fight for civil rights, b ut they need to think bigger and win their human rights. Works Cited X, Malcolm. â€Å"A Homemade Education. † The Conscious Reader. Ed. Caroline Shrodes, Michael Shugrue, Marc DiPaolo, Christian J. Matuschek. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, 2011. 92-100. Print.

Effects on Saudi Arabia due to the events of the winter of 2010-2011 Research Paper

Effects on Saudi Arabia due to the events of the winter of 2010-2011 - Research Paper Example Saudi allies have fallen out of power in recent months, including former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia responded quickly by distributing about $36 billion in state funds to youth throughout the country, hoping that money would satisfy any lurking desire to follow the examples of other Arab populations. The result, however, of the Arab uprisings has affected the population of Saudi Arabia, as demands for reform are being offered to the government while protests are emerging for different causes but with small turnouts. The list of demands includes lower taxes, better support for those unable to work, a solution to unemployment rates, higher minimum wages, and a cancellation of some restrictions on women (Bar’el). However, this is hardly radical, as this list calls for only a brief number of economic changes and very little social reform, even concerning women. What it lacks is any demand for governmental reform, regime change, civil liberties, or religious freedom. When compared to the revolutions of other Arab states, the issues in Saudi Arabia are of an entirely different nature. These demonstrations, however, have already been met with a violent response, urging them into the same categories of neighboring movements. Human Rights Watch claims that over 160 dissidents have been locked up since February. Protests were not limited to the usual Sunni Muslim citizens of Saudi Arabia, but also consisted of separate movements by Shia members of society who were speaking out against religious intolerance and the imprisonment of peaceful activists. As if reaffirming what the Shia Muslims were protesting, Saudi police made arrests in April that included a prominent intellectual leader of the Shia sect, Al-Saeed al-Majid. (HRW) The Saudi government has been forced into a position of vigilance, as it intends to swift put down any attempt to destabilize the country. Grand Mufti Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah al-Sheikh, a top Muslim authority with close ties to the Saudi royal family, decried the uprisings as â€Å"chaotic acts† that â€Å"have come from the enemies of Islam and those who serve them†. (Saudi) This statement may refer to Western powers, although Saudi Arabia usually depends on the American military for security on its borders and throughout the region—especially in the Gulf. The Gulf itself is in many ways entirely separate from the greater Arab world in that it tends to look inward rather than out. While Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt all have been concerned with their own neighbors as well as what is happening within their borders, Saudi Arabia looks across the Gulf to Iran, a rising Persian Shia power that is the antithesis of the Arab Sunni monarchy in the Arabian Peninsula. The Grand Mufti’s quote may indeed be referring to Iran and the Shia sect as the enemies of Islam, thus supporting Saudi crackdown on Shia protests. Saudi Arabia has taken specific action outside its borders, and has arguably put more focus into its foreign policy over its domestic policy in reaction to the regional uprisings. Saudi Arabia’s neighbor, Bahrain, is a Sunni monarchy as well, but rules over a Shia Muslim majority. In Bahrain, the government faced a grave threat as its citizens sought to uproot the monarchy, and the Saudi

SONY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SONY - Essay Example Marketing can be said as identifying the wants of the customer and providing them with those wants at a price they are willing to buy. It is not only about advertising your product but also making sure that your marketing of a product reaches to the right target market. To get better results, we use several components of marketing which include planning, pricing, promotion and distribution (Kotler, 2012). The concept of 4p’s that is product, pricing, placement and promotion mixed together in an efficient manner gives out effective results (Joshi, 2005). Talking briefly about the 4p’s, they are said to be the backbone of marketing. Using the 4p’s in correct manner can bring out good results. The first P is taken as product, the product or service being sold by a company (Adcock & Al Halborg, 2001). This may include the product characteristics such as quality, design, service warranty, variety and brand name. The second P is the place. It concerns majorly with the target market of the company’s product. What product is made for whom and in what geographical location it should be sent the most is what is decided in place. The third P is the price which decides what price to a company should charge for its product. This is decided by the purchasing power of the consumers, the demand for the product and its utility. The forth and the last P is promotion in which the company decides what promotional techniques to use to gain maximum sales and profit from their product. This may include advertising, door to door selling, distribution channels etc (David A. Acker, 1988). The company we have chosen to study the marketing techniques and the application of these techniques is Sony Inc. The word Sony is a Latin word which means sound and in Japanese it means smart and presentable (Inc., 2013). Sony Corporation known as Sony is a Japanese company and have it’s headquarter in Tokyo, Japan. It has many diversified businesses under its umbrel la. The company is majorly known for its entertainment products it provides to its customers which include televisions, stereo systems and playsation games. It also has a financial service head which includes banks and investment companies, though Sony is majorly recognized as a company which provides high quality electronic entertainment products. Sony stands on 87th in the top 500 companies of Fortune (Global, 2013). Sony Corporation is the subsidiary of Sony Group which deals in the electronics. It has a research and development department which is responsible for the development of the new products. This makes Sony one of the greatest and largest electronic manufacturing companies in the world. We will now examine that how Sony’s marketing techniques have given the company a huge brand name and success globally. We will look into the four P’s that is product, place, price and promotion of the company and discuss their roles in building up what Sony is now today (So ny Corporation, 2012). Product Sony’s product portfolio is extremely vast ranging from a variety of electronic devices to a number of products in the entertainment category. Sony manipulates the attributes of its products to satisfy its diversified large target market. Customers constantly demand new and innovated

Justice in the distribution of marketing service (Walmart) for the Research Paper

Justice in the distribution of marketing service (Walmart) for the population density in Arkansas state in 2000 and 2010 - Research Paper Example The average life expectancy in Arkansas is 76.0 years. This period is shorter than the U.S life expectancy of 78.0 years approximately all of the 75 counties in Arkansas apart from three have life expectancies shorter than the total average nationally. Benton County in the north-west Arkansas has the longest life expectancy, which is 79.8 years. Phillips County located in eastern Arkansas has the shortest life expectancy, which was 69.8 years. This period has a difference of 10 years in life expectancy. There are averagely 17 counties with life expectancies that are six to ten years shorter than Benton County. Arkansas borders Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Arkansas 10 biggest cities and towns are Little Rock, Springdale, North Little Rock, Fort Smith, Jonesboro, Fayetteville, Bentonville, Pine Bluff, Rogers, and Conway (Rice 13). This work discusses how justice is not done equally in the distribution of marketing provision (Walmart) for the population compactness in Arkansas State in 2000 and 2010. Tourism is one of the Benton County’s leading productions, generating $6.66 billion in transactions yearly. Arkansas State Metroparks subsidies to this commerce. Almost 12 percent of tourists to Benton County emanate for the perseverance of visiting the outside, such as parks, trails, and seashores. These tourists devote $743 million per annum in the native economy and create $50.6 million in government and confined sales taxes. -Inhabitants also appreciate Arkansas State Metroparks trails and botanical gardens. Each year occupants of Benton County collects a subsidy of $40.5 million for the straight use of these park amenities (Rice 19). Autonomous investigation shows that park use transforms into an enlarged physical bustle, resulting in medical fee savings. Roughly 143,000 adult occupants of Benton County participate in physical commotion at a level adequate to produce computable health benefits,

Business Cycle or Economic Growth in the UK Essay

Business Cycle or Economic Growth in the UK - Essay Example In the United Kingdom, economic growth has been driven by investment in infrastructure, investment in science and technology, increased access to business finance, increased exports and support for inward investment, reduction of corporation tax, simplification in business regulations, educating the workforce, tackling long term housing market issues and government support for local growth. This paper discusses economic growth in the United Kingdom with particular focus on the causes of economic growth, longstanding policies and their effect on balanced economic growth and gives recommendations on how the United Kingdom can promote further economic growth. For nations to succeed in the competitive global economy, the respective governments must take action. The government of the United Kingdom has not been left behind. It has taken initiatives to encourage economic growth and at the same time, it continues to support hardworking citizens who want to succeed in life. For stable and continuous economic growth, the initiatives taken by the United Kingdom government include: A nation cannot run effectively without economic infrastructure. For this reason, the government of the United Kingdom has placed economic infrastructure development at the heart of its economic growth policies. Economic infrastructure not only promotes economic growth but also creates employment. Examples of economic infrastructure include construction of power plants, airports, railways and roads, and provision of support services such as security systems and street lighting. Over the years, the United Kingdom has developed its infrastructure networks. According to a finding by OECD, â€Å"between 1970 and 2005, investment in UK roads, rail and electricity generating capacity had a stronger positive effect on the level of GDP per capita, and on short term growth, than other types of capital investment† (HM Treasury and Infrastructure UK, 2010). In 2009, the United Kingdom government created

Quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Quiz 2 - Essay Example Bacterial reduction through this process prediction was nonetheless as a result of the exposure of rainwater to sunlight and sedimentation. The materials and methods of monitoring flood controls in water shed rely on the relative proximity of these areas to the dry lands. The relative proximity of spillways to dry lands provides a direct drainage facility. An example of this facility is the Pon Court and copperhead sites, which acted as the automated valve outlet pipes. These automated valves outlet pipes ensure a perfect flow of runoff from the bacterial infected areas, which contributes to a watershed within shorter durations. In summary, improvement of pollutant removal system has been brought online to be adopted by various towns and cities. This would ensure bacterial infections controls are adopted by a wider world’s populace. The remote view of water level and rain gauge data through the internet is an important interphase project. In addition to monitoring and controlling of this project, the remote view paved way for an inlet and outlet evaluation of bacterial concentrations in the retrofitted

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Example for Free

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Compare the ways in which figures of authority are portrayed in Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War. Both Catch 22 and Oh! What a Lovely War are satirical comedies looking at the absurdity and tragedy of war. Being satires, they serve to expose the flaws in wartime situations and in doing so often develop criticisms of authoritative figures. Both texts approach the portrayal of authority in slightly different ways; being a play, Oh! What a Lovely War has a lot more scope for portraying its characters visually and aurally, whereas Catch 22 must work within its boundaries as a novel. Both texts employ humour to portray characters of authority; whereas Littlewoods play is more focused on dark humour, Heller uses his own brand of absurd irony throughout the novel this humour is central to most techniques used in both pieces of literature. Both texts were written in the 1960s, (Catch 22 was published in 1961 whilst Littlewoods play was performed two years later) an era synonymous with the development of youth culture and radical change. Although Catch 22 was initially snubbed by many of its critics, the novel found its readership amongst the emerging generation of men and women who were fiercely opposed to the Vietnam war. Littlewood did not face the same hostility in 1963 when Oh! What a Lovely War was first shown to the public. Performed by the Theatre Workshop a company she had co-created the play was warmly received by the audience and critics alike. Despite their different reactions, both texts were on the cutting edge of anti-war sentiment and continue to be modern classics. Although the texts focus on different wars and different perspectives (Littlewoods play explores World War One from a primarily British perspective and Hellers novel is an American outlook on World War Two) their main themes are similar. Both texts are exploring the tragedy of war, the utter absurdity of it, the thirst for power and money war brings, and the ignorance of authoritative organisations. Figures of authority are numerous in both pieces, and do not only include the upper ranks (such as Generals, Field Marshalls and Colonels) but also the representations of business and religious organisations, for they too can be viewed as having authoritative roles in society, especially in wartime. One technique used by both authors is a demonstration of the lack of communication between commanding powers. Littlewoods portrayal of the allied army leaders is very effective in signalling how inefficient they are at communicating with one another. The French General Lanzerac and British Field Marshall French do not even speak the same language, and Frenchs unwillingness to do so reveals the total futility and worthlessness of their meeting: Aide: Do you think I ought to organise an interpreter? French: Dont be ridiculous Wilson; the essential problem at the moment is the utmost secrecy.(p21) In this scene the obsession with secrecy over commonsense negotiations shows us how inefficient the allied army authorities are, and the analogy of the different languages spoken serves to demonstrate the complete lack of communication amongst authoritative powers that hold the fate of thousands in their hands. In the same way, Catch 22 looks at the problem of communication within the upper ranks. The call General Peckam receives from Ex P.C Wintergreen the sole words being T.S. Elliot'(sic) has no hidden meaning but is interpreted in an absurd way; Perhaps its a new code or something, like the colors of the day. Why dont you check with Communications and see if its a new code or something or the colors of the day? (p45). This sentence also shows us some insight into General Peckams intellect, which doesnt seem to be substantial demonstrated by the repetition and imprecision of speech. Another example of these communicative difficulties is the case of Major Major who receives documents to sign, which have his signature already. The squabbling within the upper ranks is evident in both texts and serves to show us the pettiness and idiocy of figures of authority. There are many instances in Catch 22 where the Generals are engaged in sneaky tricks against one another. General Dreedles hatred of his son-in-law Colonel Moodus for example, inspires him to keep a beautiful nurse just to torment him with, and the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade1 is started by Captain Black in an attempt to avenge himself on Major Major (who gained the promotion Captain Black was waiting for). Similarly in Oh! What a Lovely War, the Belgian, British and French army officials are at odds with one another. The Belgian army are in a sorry state, the French are angry at the British, and the British refuse to believe they have any responsibility in the war; Were not here under any obligation French persists in telling Lanzerac. The heated discussion only ends when Lanzerac is offered a medal on behalf of the King of England. This gesture pleases the General, who kisses French on both cheeks and leaves, suggesting that the upper ranks of the army are only interested in recognition and promotion. This is a very powerful notion in Catch 22, in which key characters such as Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart will do everything in their power to be promoted. Cathcart says of his ambition: What else have we got to do? Everyone teaches us to aspire to higher things. A general is higher than a colonel and a colonel is higher than a lieutenant colonel. So were both aspiring (p450). One of the most important aspects of both texts is how different the experience of war is for the upper ranks and the ordinary men. The inability of authoritative figures to understand the realities of war and their cruel, seemingly deliberate ignorance in many situations is demonstrated in a number of key scenes. An important example of this in Oh! What a Lovely War is on pages 50/51 where a commanding officer reveals his detachment from ordinary trench life, and his unawareness of the death that surrounds the men every day; Ye Gods! Whats that? he asks the Lieutenant upon encountering a German limb that holds up the parapet, immediately telling the men to get rid of it as soon as possible. The Sergeants response reveals how clueless those in authority are to the brutalities of war: Heads, trunks, blood all over the place, and all hes worried about is a damned leg. This warped, uninformed sense of priority and general detachment is evident in Catch 22, especially within Colonel Cathcarts storyline. Hellers novel is jumbled chronologically, but one dependable indication of time is the number of missions the men are forced to fly under Cathcarts orders, which steadily increases as the story progresses. What is simply a number for the colonel is a very real death threat to the men of his squadron, many of whom reach the target just as the missions increase. Cathcart raises them for purely selfish reasons he hopes to gain recognition for his squadrons record and receive a promotion. The Colonels constant cry of Doesnt he know theres a war going on when Yossarian refuses to fly further missions is one of Hellers brilliant lines of absurd irony, as it relates directly to the figures of authority in the novel. They seem to be playing an insane game, unaware of how their actions affect the men they themselves dont realise theyre fighting a war. Other instances of differences between upper and lower rank men can be found in both texts. The final scene of Oh! What a Lovely War portrays the men as lambs to the slaughter at the order of their glory-obsessed officer, and we find them shouting Baaa baaa baaa (p86) as they advance towards the guns. In Catch 22 the Colonels are amazed that the ordinary men worship the same God as them, and after the revelation from the Chaplain refuse to believe it saying What nonsense! Does he expect us to believe that? and Chaplain, arent you stretching things a bit far now?(p407). A noticeable aspect of both texts is the portrayal of other key figures of authority primarily those of big business and religion. Where Littlewood is severely critical of both, Heller holds some sympathy for his character the Chaplain (a representation of religion). Common to both writers is a disgust toward capitalists who exploit war for their own commercial gain. The munitions manufacturers in Oh! What a Lovely War are introduced on stage as members of a shooting party, an ironic analogy highlighting the part they play in the destruction of so many young men. They discuss the peace scares that threaten their income, and congratulate one another for their inhuman schemes in money making: Britain: German chappies were caught on their own barbed wire?.Dashed clever. (p46) In the same way, the character Milo Minderbinder in Catch 22 exposes the lack of morals and boundaries capitalism creates in wartime. His collaboration with the enemy goes unnoticed due to his profit-making, and he even ends up bombing his own men and planes as part of a German contract; If I can persuade the Germans to pay me a thousand dollars for every plane I shoot down, why shouldnt I?'(p273) he tells Yossarian. The forces of religious belief in Littlewoods play are greeted with hostility as tools for the war propaganda machine, who support the war effort rather than fighting for the rights of the soldiers; Chaplain: it is no longer a sin to labour for war on the Sabbaththe Chief Rabbi has absolved your Jewish brethren from abstaining from pork in the trenches. (p77) Religion is portrayed in a slightly more sympathetic light in Hellers novel. The Chaplain is the only character who really connects with Yossarian, and his efforts to help dissuade the Generals from raising the number of missions proves a real commitment and solidarity to the squadron. He is rejected from the Officers Hall and treated disrespectfully by the Colonels, showing us that even Christianity is powerless in the face of such frighteningly stubborn authority. Another key theme of both texts is the portrayal of war as a game, or as something frivolous and light-hearted by those in authority. The very form of Oh! What a Lovely War is as a musical show, with song and dance. Key song titles include Ill make a man out of you and the grand finale track Oh its a lovely war which paints the text as a Broadway extravaganza rather than a harrowing look at battle. This technique is very effective in creating a bitter and attacking tone towards authoritative powers especially considering the nature of the opening scene. In a circus like frenzy the MC brings on the players of the war game; France, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Great Britain and Russia. This structural difference between the play and Catch 22 means that Oh! What a Lovely War parodies authority more consistently. Littlewood constructed the play as a show, so the ability of characters in power to undermine the seriousness of war is endless. The War Game is a classic example of this, as is the grouse-shooting party which consists of munitions manufacturers from the key nations involved in war. Other techniques were available to Littlewood lyrically bitter songs and the use of slides as an accompaniment to the speech, which both served as attacking forces against the power of authority in the play. Examples of this can be found in song titles such as If the sergeant steals your rum and ironic lyrics like with our old commander, safely in the rear in the hymn Onward Christian Soldiers. The use of slides and the newspanel is used on many occasions as a reinforcement of the ignorance seen in authoritative men such as Haig: Newspanel: BY NOV 1916 TWO AND A HALF MILLION MEN KILLED ON WESTERN FRONT Haig: I thank you, God; the attack is a great success. (p78) They are also used comically to outline the stupidity of the Generals: British Admiral: Have you got a plan? British General: Of course. Slide 5: A blank British Admiral: Yes, I thought so. (p6) In a structural sense, the techniques available to Heller with which to parody authority are much more limited. In a novel, all character representations are formed with literary descriptions and cannot rely on visual or aural aids like a play. His technique of storytelling is not as varied or spectacular as Littlewoods, but the effects of his bizarre plots are as successful in criticising authoritative powers as the use of slides and song in Oh! What a Lovely War. Colonel Cathcarts bombing pattern is a sufficient example of this and bears comparison with the War Game approach by Littlewood. Disregarding the fact that men are risking their lives on the insane bombardier missions they are forced to fly, Cathcarts sole concern is whether their bombs create an aesthetically pleasing pattern from the air We didnt get the bridge he tells Milo whilst recalling a previous mission, but we did have a beautiful bomb pattern. I remember General Peckam commenting on it. (p The episodic form of both texts may disrupt the sense of progression, but it is noticeable that the tone of both pieces of literature changes as they near completion. The bitterness towards authority increases, and humour is more often interspersed with moments of seriousness and tragedy. In Act Two of Littlewoods play, a moment of chaos reaches a serious climax with the juxtaposition of Haig and the British Generals telephone conversations against a background of men singing They were only playing leapfrog. The two men speak simultaneously in broken sentences until Haigs final comment No, you must reserve the artillery; we are using too many shells is uttered at the same time as the Generals last words, Night has fallen. The clouds are gathering. The men are lost somewhere in no mans land. This uncharacteristically sombre moment is shocking and serves to signpost the ignorance and inhumanity of Haig in times of crisis. In a similar way the absurd force of bureaucracy in Hellers novel borders on seriousness when Don Daneeka is recorded as killed and remains dead due to the power of paperwork. His presence in the novel is a tragic reminder of the madness of war, and his character becomes a living ghost, the sacks under his eyes turned hollow and black, and he padded through the shadows fruitlessly like an ubiquitous spookthen, only then, did he realize that, to all intents and purposes, he really was dead. (p366) The endings of both texts leave the reader with a slightly different outlook of authority and war. Whereas Oh! What a Lovely War finishes as it started, with a grand song in the traditional musical style, Catch 22 is much more subdued and understated. Both endings tell us something about the intention of the author, and of their opinion on the subject of war and authority. Littlewood wants to leave the audience feeling embittered and slightly outraged at the notion of the Great War as a show, in order to demonstrate the atrocities committed by those in authority against the ordinary men. The final songs Chanson de Craonne, I dont want to be a Soldier, And when they ask us, and Oh its a lovely war express both comic elements (Id rather stay at home and live off the earnings of a lady typist) and the tragic undertones that run throughout the play (I dont want a bayonet in my belly). Although these final songs are more preoccupied with the tragedy and futility of warfare, their tone is still bitter towards commanding powers such as the King and the Generals who promised them a lovely war, and described the life of a soldier as the cushiest job they would ever have. The cause of this great tragedy is clearly explained in Littlewoods play as a direct result of the ignorance and greed of commanding powers, in particular the European Empires and Haig, along with his circle of title-seeking aristocrats. Within the play there are other specific objects of blame; firstly the British Generals, Field Marshall French, and the British Aristocracy. Other possible areas of criticism lie in the portrayal of religion, and of the capitalists who profited from the war. Oh! What a Lovely War is a text very much favouring the ordinary soldiers, all of whom are represented as decent, kind-hearted, and spirited young men. These soldiers are the victims of authoritative powers, they are the lambs going to slaughter, and the grouse at the shooting party. Littlewood is not vague or subtle in her attack of the commanding men, and portrays them as idiots, fat cats and cowards. She intends to show us that they were the main cause of madness in wartime, and that these men of authority should be held to blame for the destruction of a generation. The conclusion of Catch 22 is quite different, and ends with the spontaneous attempt by Yossarian to run away from the military base. Hellers ending is a very interesting final act of defiance for his character, against the powers of authority in the novel. Despite having an easy route out of the air force a simple but dishonest deal with Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn Yossarian chooses to reject it. The presence of Natelys whore at the very end of the novel, who unsuccessfully tries to stab him, is perhaps an indicator that Yossarian is making the right choice in escaping from the madness and corruption of bureaucracy (the main authoritative force in Catch 22). The specific targeting of key characters is evident in Hellers novel as it was in Oh! What a Lovely War, with the Colonels and Generals (Cathcart, Korn, Dreedle and Peckam among others) being the main hosts for criticism. However, I believe there is a difference between both texts regarding the role authoritative figures play in war. Whereas Littlewood shows us that the commanding men create the chaos due to their own callous stupidity, in Catch 22 the madness of war seems to be a character unto itself. Although the commanding officers are idiotic and dangerously selfish, this insane wartime logic affects most of the ordinary men except for Yossarian and the Chaplain. A good example of this is near the end of the novel when Aarfy one of the men in the squadron rapes and kills a young girl. wYossarians utter horror when he discovers the scene is elevated further with the arrival of the police, who arrest him for being in Rome without a pass, completely ignoring the dead body on the pavement. Aarfys explanation I hardly think theyre going to make too much of a fuss over one poor Italian servant girl, when so many thousands of lives are being lost every day seems to bear a lot of truth. The infuriating authority figures in this novel and the foolish stunts they are engaged in appear to be more a product of war madness than a cause of it. Therefore, although both texts portray figures of authority in similar ways, their intentions are fundamentally different. Littlewood blames the commanding individuals and glorifies the men who were sacrificed under ridiculous orders. Heller looks beyond these small but powerful characters to a greater evil the madness of war and the insane chaos it creates in all; Colonels, Generals, Capitalists and even ordinary soldiers. 1 The Great Loyalty Oath Crusade was created to divert attention towards Captain Black and thus gain him a promotion the men must swear an oath of allegiance to get their pay from the finance officerto have their hair cut by the barbers. (p125)