Wittgensteins Children: Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Wittgensteins Children Some Implications for teach and OthernessABSTRACT The later Wittgenstein uses pincerren in his philosophical arguments against the traditional views of lyric poem. Describing how they learn language is one of his philosophical methods for setting philosophers free from their views and enabling them to see the conception in a different way. The map of this paper is to explore what sports of children he takes payoff of in his arguments, and to show how we shtup read Wittgenstein in terms of education. ii children in Philosophical Investigations are discussed. The feature of the first child is the qualitative difference from adults. Wittgenstein uses the feature to criticize Augustinian pictures of language which tell us that children learn language by ostensive definition alone. The denotive theory of meaning is so strong that philosophers fail to see the qualitative gap and to explain language-learning. The second child appears in an arithmetical instr uction. Although he was still to master counting numbers, he suddenly shows deviant reactions. Wittgenstein argues against the mentalistic idea of understanding by calling attention to the say-so otherness of the child. This could happen anytime the child has not learned counting correctly. The two features show that pedagogics is unlike telling, an activity toward the other who does not understand our explanations. Since we great power not understand learners because of otherness, the justification of teaching is a crucial problem that is not properly answered so yearn as otherness is unrecognized. As long as we ignore otherness, we would not be aware that we might mistreat learners. Ludwig Wittgenstein is a philosopher who often uses educational situations to examine philosophical puzzles. Asking how a intelligence is taught is one of his philosophical methods. He invents imaginary number situations in which children learn language, and describes how they learn there. He in vestigates the possibilities of concepts by considering how children could learn the concepts. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his philosophical arguments, and to show whether and how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Some scholars have expected Wittgenstein to contribute to pedagogy and educational research directly. Bartley claims, for example, that Wittgenstein is have-to doe with in child psychology. (1) Hardwick looks for pedagogical conclusions in Wittgensteins philosophy. (2) Those scholars are likely to say that Wittgenstein merely suggests what empirical studies discover about language learning.Wittgensteins Children Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness Philosophy Philosophical EssaysWittgensteins Children Some Implications for Teaching and OthernessABSTRACT The later Wittgenstein uses children in his philosophical arguments against the traditional views of language. Describing how they lea rn language is one of his philosophical methods for setting philosophers free from their views and enabling them to see the world in a different way. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his arguments, and to show how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Two children in Philosophical Investigations are discussed. The feature of the first child is the qualitative difference from adults. Wittgenstein uses the feature to criticize Augustinian pictures of language which tell us that children learn language by ostensive definition alone. The referential theory of meaning is so strong that philosophers fail to see the qualitative gap and to explain language-learning. The second child appears in an arithmetical instruction. Although he was understood to master counting numbers, he suddenly shows deviant reactions. Wittgenstein argues against the mentalistic idea of understanding by calling attention to the potential otherness of the child. This could happen anytime the child has not learned counting correctly. The two features show that teaching is unlike telling, an activity toward the other who does not understand our explanations. Since we might not understand learners because of otherness, the justification of teaching is a crucial problem that is not properly answered so long as otherness is unrecognized. As long as we ignore otherness, we would not be aware that we might mistreat learners. Ludwig Wittgenstein is a philosopher who often uses educational situations to examine philosophical puzzles. Asking how a word is taught is one of his philosophical methods. He invents imaginary situations in which children learn language, and describes how they learn there. He investigates the possibilities of concepts by considering how children could learn the concepts. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his philosophical arguments, and to show whether a nd how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Some scholars have expected Wittgenstein to contribute to pedagogy and educational research directly. Bartley claims, for example, that Wittgenstein is involved in child psychology. (1) Hardwick looks for pedagogical conclusions in Wittgensteins philosophy. (2) Those scholars are likely to say that Wittgenstein merely suggests what empirical studies discover about language learning.

America Needs an Alternative to Prison :: Argument Argumentative

America Needs an Alternative to PrisonAmericas prisons have been called tweak schools for crime. It stands to reason Take a group of people, strip them of possessions and privacy, expose them to constant threats of violence, overcrowd their cell- block, deprive them of meaningful work, and the result is an embittered underclass much intent on getting even with troupe than contributing to it. Prisons take the nonviolent offender and make him live by violence. They take the nonviolent offender and make him a hardened killer. America has to wake up and realize that the current structure of our penal system is failing terribly. The government has to devise new ways to penalise the guilty, and still manage to keep American citizens satisfied that our prison system is still effective. Americans correct a great deal for prisons to fail so badly. corresponding all big government solutions, they are expensive. In the course of my studies dealing with the crook justice system, I have le arned that the government spends approximately eighty-thousand dollars to strain one cell, and $28,000 per year to keep a prisoner locked up. Thats about the same as the cost of sending a student to Harvard. Because of overcrowding, it is estimated that more than ten-billion dollars in structure is needed to create sufficient space for just the current prison population. The plain truth is that the very nature of prison, no matter how humane society attempts to make it, produces an environment that is inevitably devastating to its residents. Even if their release is delayed by longer sentences, those residents inevitably return to damage the community, and we are paying screen dollar to make this possible. Why should tax payers be forced to pay amounts to keep nonviolent criminals sitting in prison cells where they become bitter and more likely to repeat their offenses when they are released? Instead, why not put them to work outside prison where they could pay back the victims o f their crimes? The government should initiate work programs where the criminal is given a job and must relinquish his or her earnings to the victim of their crime until the mental and physical damages of their victims are sufficed. A mash will determine how much money the criminal will have to pay for his restitution costs, and what job the criminal will have to do to pay back that restitution. The most obvious benefit of this approach is that it takes care of the victim, the forgotten person in the current system.

Flat Tax :: Essays Papers

Flat TaxLets Hear it for the Flat TaxDo you speak out we should abolish the Internal Revenue dish? If you were to ask your family, friends and neighbors, you would get a resounding YES That was my outcome when I, as an income task preparer, surveyed my clients as well as my family, friends and neighbors. The comments ran from Its too complex, Its foul to They are too powerful. Not one person was happy with the tax code as it currently stands. That is not to say people do not want to pay their fair share. They just want an easier, fairer way to do it. To prove the complexity of the IRS Code, Money Magazine asked fifty tax experts to see to it hypothetical familys tax liability each year from 1988 through 1992 and published the results in their meet issues. The best years result was 1990 when plainly 48 of the responses were incorrect. If a tax expert could not figure the liability properly how can anyone run the everyday taxpayer to do it? The solution quite possibl y is the Flat Tax.What will the Flat Tax do for us? The current proposed tax rate of 17% for all income will be more fair. It is some(prenominal) simpler the tax return for an individual and a business will be postcard size both(prenominal) having only ten lines on them. The proposed humdrum tax eliminates the tax at a personal level for interest, dividends and capital gains as well as al down(p)ing businesses to start out capital assets in the year of purchase. Currently a capital asset is expensed by taking depreciation over the useful life of the item. Many economists confide these features in the flat tax will fix economic growth. According to the Bureau of National Affairs Banking Report Some 55 percent of the 156 analysts polled by the National Association of Business Economist think the economy would benefit from some type of flat tax Compliance is the final benefit of the flat tax. There will be a high compliance in filing and paying Federal Income Tax. The flat tax removes the three primary excuses for non-compliance the complexity, low likelihood of being caught and fact that the current corpse seems to favor special interests at my expense.Flat Tax Essays PapersFlat TaxLets Hear it for the Flat TaxDo you think we should abolish the Internal Revenue Service? If you were to ask your family, friends and neighbors, you would get a resounding YES That was my outcome when I, as an income tax preparer, surveyed my clients as well as my family, friends and neighbors. The comments ran from Its too complex, Its unfair to They are too powerful. Not one person was happy with the tax code as it currently stands. That is not to say people do not want to pay their fair share. They just want an easier, fairer way to do it. To prove the complexity of the IRS Code, Money Magazine asked fifty tax experts to figure hypothetical familys tax liability each year from 1988 through 1992 and published the results in their March issues. The b est years result was 1990 when only 48 of the responses were incorrect. If a tax expert could not figure the liability properly how can anyone expect the everyday taxpayer to do it? The solution quite possibly is the Flat Tax.What will the Flat Tax do for us? The current proposed tax rate of 17% for all income will be more fair. It is much simpler the tax return for an individual and a business will be postcard size both having only ten lines on them. The proposed flat tax eliminates the tax at a personal level for interest, dividends and capital gains as well as allowing businesses to deduct capital assets in the year of purchase. Currently a capital asset is expensed by taking depreciation over the useful life of the item. Many economists believe these features in the flat tax will stimulate economic growth. According to the Bureau of National Affairs Banking Report Some 55 percent of the 156 analysts polled by the National Association of Business Economist think the econom y would benefit from some type of flat tax Compliance is the final benefit of the flat tax. There will be a higher compliance in filing and paying Federal Income Tax. The flat tax removes the three primary excuses for non-compliance the complexity, low likelihood of being caught and fact that the current system seems to favor special interests at my expense.

Alcoholism In The 21st Century Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alcoholism in the 21st CenturyThe dictionary describes alcoholism as continued spendthrift or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks. However, this disease is much more complex. Alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the coupled States today, do more and more deaths each year. It affects nearly every bingle in the U.S. today, either directly or indirectly. Over half of Americans have at least one plastered relative that has a drinking problem. About 20 million people in the United States abuse alcohol. It is the third leading cause of preventable deaths, and active 100,000 people die each year from alcohol related incidents (Peacock 11).Alcohol is not a new invention of modern societies. It has been around through umpteen diffe stock split ancient cultures, wine being the most prominent substance. Some cultures viewed alcohol consumption as good, while others perceived it good only in moderation. For example, the Greek god Bacchus was known for his excessive drinking while the Roma n god Dionysus was known for teaching moderation in drinking (Peacock 20-21).Alcoholism was overly learned to have existed in history. Interpreted writings on the tomb of an Egyptian king who lived over 5,000 years ago read, His earthly abode was rent and shattered by wine and beer. And the spirit escaped before it was called for. This shows that he died from alcohol related causes. However, most cultures began to limit alcohol use when they learned how to expeditiously produce the beverage. Babylonian king Hammurabi and Chinese emperor Chung Kiang executed violators of their laws concerning alcohol (Peacock 20). Even in the Bible, refrain from alcohol is stressed. Nor drunkards will inherit the dry land of God (Alcohol and the Bible). The United States was not immune to strict laws opposing alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment was passed, limiting alcohol use. This period lasted for 14 years and became known as the Prohibition (Peacock 28).Ancient and modern literatures show that alcohol has been around longer than most people think. For example, in the ancient epic of Giglamesh, written 4,000 years ago, one character was the goddess of wine and brewing, Siduri (World literature 136, 139). The Chinese poet Tu Fu wrote about celebrating an old friends retirement with wine in his... ...rch on causes and treatment has increased substantially. thither are many new and traditional treatment methods being tested to treat alcoholism. Looking toward the future, there is hope for a successful treatment of alcoholism, and ginmill in generations to come.Works CitedAlcohol and the Bible New Expanded Version. 29 April 2001..Botsford, Christy. National Children of Alcoholics Week. 29 April 2001. Clinton Signs Bill to Lower Drunken Driving Standards. Dallas Morning News. SIRS. 23October 2000.Peacock, Nancy. Drowning our Sorrows, Psychological Effects ofAlcohol Abuse. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 2001.Selected Poetry of Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849). 29 April 200 1.Williams, Steven. Americas Drinking Problem. Teen People. March 2000 100-105.World Literature Third Edition. United States Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2001.

Of Mice and Men :: English Literature

With its appealing elements of naivet, humour and pathos Of Mice AndMen is Steinbecks tableau of the oppressed in post-depression USsociety. It has strong imagery, decisive action, authentic dialogueand cinematic tension.Would you say this novel is a classic and successful? Why?I will front look whether I think Of Mice and Men is worthy ofthe reputation linked with a term, in my touch, too widely used inthe world of literature. The word I am referring to of course isclassic.The definition of a classic is a not bad(p) and timeless book or work ofart. Therefore I am going to temporarily re-phrase the title questionfor ease of comprehension and explanation to Would you say thisnovel is great, timeless and successful? Why? This will enable me to helping hand with the true meaning of the term classic at the same time asformulating an opinion of whether Steinbecks Of Mice and Mendeserves this prestigious title.Firstly, is this novel great? Well, it certainly isnt great inmagnitude, i.e . the size of the book is not that which we wouldassociate with such(prenominal) a rated book. It only has sestet chapters and thestory takes place in quite a ill-judged space of time. However, thedefinition of greatness in this instance does not mean huge orvast it means wonderful and important. In my opinion the novelis great in this way. It displays affection, emotion, friendship andlove, as well as loneliness, discrimination, prejudice and anger.These are all basic human qualities and liabilities, which makes thenovel both wonderful and important in a way that few people will everreally understand. Even though I dont know what Steinbecksinspiration and antecedent for writing this novel was I personally respectthe way in which he sums up such important parts of life in six shortchapters.These are the only reasons I found to justify why Of Mice and Menshould be classed as great, however there are innumerous reasons forthis novel to be classed as timeless.The moral issues and difficulties of the people in this book are stillrelevant in the world today and I feel that people all over the worldwill be able to empathise on a metaphorical level with George andLennies struggles in realising their dream.The first question to address when looking at Of Mice and Men as atimeless novel is What are the predominant moral issues hidden inthis novel, how are they relevant today and will they still berelevant in the future? This is a difficult question to face with anovel such as this, as the author does not exaggerate exactly what the

Of Mice and Men :: English Literature

With its appealing elements of naivet, humour and pathos Of Mice AndMen is Steinbecks tableau of the oppressed in post-depression USsociety. It has strong imagery, fateful action, authentic dialogueand cinematic tension.Would you say this sassy is a classic and successful? Why?I will first explore whether I deal Of Mice and Men is worthy ofthe reputation linked with a term, in my opinion, too widely used inthe world of literature. The word I am referring to of data track isclassic.The definition of a classic is a big and timeless book or work ofart. Therefore I am going to temporarily re-phrase the title questionfor ease of comprehension and explanation to Would you say thisnovel is great, timeless and successful? Why? This will enable me todeal with the true inwardness of the term classic at the same time asformulating an opinion of whether Steinbecks Of Mice and Mendeserves this prestigious title.Firstly, is this novel great? Well, it certainly isnt great inmagnitude, i.e. th e size of the book is not that which we wouldassociate with such a rated book. It only has six chapters and thestory takes place in quite a short space of time. However, thedefinition of greatness in this instance does not mean huge orvast it means wonderful and important. In my opinion the novelis great in this way. It displays affection, emotion, friendship andlove, as well as loneliness, discrimination, prejudice and anger.These ar all basic human qualities and liabilities, which makes thenovel both wonderful and important in a way that few pack will everreally understand. Even though I dont know what Steinbecksinspiration and reason for writing this novel was I personally respectthe way in which he sums up such important parts of life in six shortchapters.These are the only reasons I found to justify why Of Mice and Menshould be classed as great, however there are countless reasons forthis novel to be classed as timeless.The moral issues and difficulties of the people in this book are stillrelevant in the world straight off and I feel that people all over the worldwill be able to empathise on a metaphorical level with George andLennies struggles in realising their dream.The first question to consider when looking at Of Mice and Men as atimeless novel is What are the predominant moral issues hidden inthis novel, how are they relevant today and will they still berelevant in the future? This is a difficult question to face with anovel such as this, as the author does not exaggerate exactly what the

Bias in Epidemiological Research

Epidemiology is the study of the factors associated with different types of diseases for example, how often does the disease occur, how is the disease transmitted, ways in which the disease can be prevented. thither atomic number 18 two main types of epidemiology descriptive epidemiology and analytic epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and distribution of risk factors in a population and it makes it affirmable for one to assess the way the disease has spread. Analytical epidemiology aims to study the causes and risks involved with the disease and the preventive measures.This is according to Pinchinat, S, & Ponton Sanchez (2006) Observation epidemiological studies In this shimmy the epidemiologist does non carry out any actual experiment or in other words does not take part in any sprightly role in the research. The epidemiologist simply makes observations on what is happening based on an already existing situation without administering any tre atments for example if one wanted to comparability the exposure of PCBs exposure to occurrence of cancer over a 20 year period, he would not be required to give any produce of treatment only to observe the available case available according to epidemiology home page.Experimental epidemiological studies In contrast to observational studies here the epidemiologist will be required to do the actual experiments or play an active role by administering the treatment to subjects and then observing the effects of the treatment. For example an epidemiologist can manage a clinical trial of a new drug on willing subjects and then observe the changes in subjects based on epidemiology home page. There are different types of biases associated with epidemiological research.According to Erics Notebook, bias arises when an estimated value deviates from the original or true value. The case studies given in the assignment are going to provide a basis for the discussion of various types of biases a nd the effects of the biases on the measures of association. Based on CES-Research-bias & confounding, different types of biases will be discussed. Case 1 This case might point both selection and mensuration biases.Selection because the epidemiologist might select the children non-randomly in which case the results could be overestimated or underestimated in that if he over picked children who are not exposed to the chemical then his or her result will be underestimated and vice versa. The results will show a bias in measurement if the epidemiologist measures the outcome inaccurately in which case the results will both be over or underestimated. Case 2 This case could show measurement and analytical biases. Analytical bias is evidenced when patients give false information for example about having less sexual partners.This would lead to over or underestimation of the results. touchstone bias would occur if the epidemiologist collected the wrong data from the studies. This also wo uld lead to over or underestimation of the results. Case 3 This case will show two kinds of biases measurement bias because the epidemiologist may collect inaccurate data and analytical bias because of not following up the outcome. All this would lead to either under or overestimation of data. Case 4 Measurement and analytical biases could occur in this case.Incase of analytical bias the results could remain unchanged or underestimated and in case of measurement bias it could either be under or overestimated. Word count 551 References Aschengran, A, & Seage, G. R, (2008). Essentials of epidemiology in public health, (2nd Ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett. CEM-Research- Bias & confounding is a site that provides essential information on research bias on epidemiology. file///c/biasconfound. html Checkoway, H, Pearce, N, Kriebel, D. (2004) Research methods in occupational epidemiology.Epidemiology Home rogue is a website that gives an introduction to epidemiology File///c/epi1. ht ml. Ibrahim, A. M. (2001) Eric Notebook Selection Bias. Department of veterans affairs, epidemiologic research, and information center at Durham, NC. http//eric. unc. edu/notebooks/issue8/eric_notebook_8. pdf Pinchinat, S, & Ponton-Sanchez, A, (2006) Analytic and descriptive epidemiology. Biostatem SARL. File///c/epidemiology. htm Study Types in Epidemiology http//www. nwcphp. org/training/courses-exercise/courses/study-types-in-epi

Black Pepper

Characterization and Quantification of Active Compounds of scorch pelt (Piper Nigrum) AbstractThe objectives of the study were to investigate the presence of phytochemical compounds from the extract of piper nigrum, using methanolic extraction.It showed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, phytosterols, and tannins. The phytochemical compounds were also screened by GC-MS method.A total 21 bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum.The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area,retention time,molecular weight.GC-MS analysis of P.nigrum revealed the existence of major compounds like caryophyllene ,delta.3-carene as well as Cinene. The results will be useful for further study in future to explore the biosynthetic activity of black genus Capsicum.IntroductionBlack PepperBlack Pepper, the tropical plant family, Piperaceae is a reliable source of diverse biologically dynamic phytochemicals (Pa rmar et al., 1997) and food grade spice. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) (Piperaceae) celebrated as Dark Gold and furthermore known as Ruler of Spices is one of the vital rural products (Ankegowda and Krishnamurthy 2012).The extracts of Pepper can be viably apply as a source of biopesticide material. The most broadly perceived specie of this family is Piper Nigrum or dark pepper which apart from culinary applications is utilized as a part of various ayurvedic details because of its different curative properties (Srinivas et al., 2005).Piperine is one of the significant compounds that is extracted from Piper Nigrum. Many other unsaturated amides have since been dominating in Piper species from every single tropical locale of the world (Parmar et al 1997). Piperine is the significant compound that causes the impactful and spicy flavor of pepper and has indicated many an(prenominal) pharmacological exercises, for example, insecticidal, calming, pain relieving, and so forth. (Khajuria et al., 1989).The wide variety of auxiliary plant mixes found in Piper were recommended as potential leads for novel bug sprays (Miyakado et al., 1989) term numerous mixtures are utilized as a part of conventional control of insecticides that are vectors of ailment (Okorie and Ogunro 1992) and harm stored crops (Sighamony et al. 1986 Baier and Webster 1992 Mbata et al., 1995 Ke?ta et al., 2000).Early examinations with P. nigrum seed extracts showed that piperamides were in charge of the harmfulness of the extracts to the adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchuschinensis L. (Miyakado et al., 1980). For the treatment of infectious diseses on Earth pharmacologists ,microbiologists and natural products chemists are relying on plant derived dietary supplements as well as phytochemicals.(Pandey et al.,2015).The objective of this research is to identify and characterize the active compounds in crude extract of Black pepper.Key words Piper nigrum L, Phytochemical Screening,GC-MS.Material and Met hodThe seeds of Black pepper were purchased from Qissa Khwani Bazar PeshawarExtract of Black Pepper Seeds of black pepper 10gm were grounded in a blender and then covered with 100 ml of methanol.The grounds and methanol slurry was mover and shaker in a mini orbital shaker for 30 min at 260 rppm and then passed through a Buchner funnel with Whatman No.1 filter paper for removing indissoluble material. The methanol fraction was separated and air died ( Jyothiprabha, and Venkatachalam 2016).Identification of Active Compounds Some plants have more than one chemical as an active principle amenable for their biological properties. Phytochemical tests was done to find the presence of the active chemical constituents such as alkaloid, glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars, triterpenes, phenolic acid and tannis. Detailed Phytochemical screening was carried out as per standard methods. (Kokate, 2000 Habone, 1999 Tiwari et al., 2011).

The Justice Game – Truth Essay

How does the prosecution and defensive measure each represent the truth? Values and attitudes of the participants? Robertsons value and delegacy of the truth? Truth can be delineate in differing ways according to the set and attitudes of the persona whose representation of truth is being expressed. Throughout Geoffrey Robertsons The Justice Game the responder is convinced to coincide the composers representation of truth through the use of composing techniques such as the short story structure, Robertsons social status, various language techniques, symbolisation and the use of examples and quotations to back up Robertsons statements.The perspective on truth held by the other participants in each trial is however also included. The boundary truth refers to accurately placing in coiffureion in accordance with fact or reality. The truth in The Justice Game is essentially slightly revealing to its readers What is unbroken from the public, and what the public wish to be kept from. Each show window was chosen by Robertson to provide contrasting representations of the truth based on different values and attitudes. The short story structure allows many themes relevant to society to be coherently included in one text.Through the eyes of Robertson pack bring forth the opportunity to see the truth in these highly publicised cases from the perspective of a learned and involved man. Robertson is assumed to be a reliable character reference of truth by the average reader, because he is a celebrated lawyer and has been chosen to represent people as high profiled as the Princess of Wales. The genre and format of the text represent certain qualities to the reader, along with the social status of Robertson which in turn, act to convince them that what is written is true. The Trials of Oz is a case that took place in 1971 against Richard Neville, Jim Anderson, and Felix Dennis, editors of the ill-famed underground Oz magazine. The contr oversy arose from the prosecut ions perspective that the material in the magazine was detrimental and corruptive to society of that time. In particular the comic air satirizing Rupert the Bear elaborately renamed Rupert the B atomic number 18, and a small advertisement titled Suck. The prosecution represents the truth through a traditional method of attack that shows Learys Victorian image.Brian Leary representing the prosecution draws on the jurys traditional background to make them empathize with his perspective of the truth that the Oz magazine was an indecent article. Leary discredits witnesses with his insinuatingly effective cross- examinations. The defense and Oz magazine were branded as the resource society in order to alienate them in the jurys mind, and to make the jury feel unwilling to belong to the defence and therefor the alternative society.The prosecution feels that the alternative society has no respect for the accepted values and attitudes of normal society. The alternative society is descri bed to worship sex until it reaches the ultimate stage of fucking on the streets. This is an example of the generalisations made which portray the alternative society as ugly and distasteful to be a part of. The Defence on the other hand, use high profiled witnesses and statistics, such as the pornography survey conducted on get hitched with couples, to highlight the harmless nature of the Oz magazine.John Mortimer representing the defence, undermines the seriousness of the trial through his permissive attitude towards life. The defence lightens the atmosphere with comical jokes such as when Leary asked Dixon how grizzly he thought Rupert the B be was, he replied Im not an expert in determining Bears ages maybe you are more familiar in the field? This aids in reducing the seriousness of the accusations. He trivialises the magazine by referring to it as a schoolboy prank or cheeky criticism, and then considerably plays down the charges.The language technique of using humour ma kes the whole trial appear as a joke. The composer states that Perhaps the best thing virtually Oz is that they just dont have trials like that anymore. Robertsons representation of the truth toward the Oz magazine is that he sees it as cheeky but not harmful. Experts are used as witnesses to portray the defendants as essentially guiltless, and to make the prosecutions arguments appear groundless, based on confusion tactics and unreality.Robertson constantly undermines and discredits closely people who hold power in the establishment. This is represented in his ridicule of Judge Argyle as he points out the mistakes he made when sentencing, and how he portrays judge Argyle as narrow minded and unreasonable. The composer shows himself as an advocate of new society through his belief that the trial is merely a bang of cultural incomprehension, with the older generation symbolised by Judge Argyle, being unable to understand the revolutionary notions held by the younger generation.Th is is shown by his constant criticism of the judge, whose inability to comprehend contemporary vernacular and general knowledge is stressed repeatedly, effectively conveyed through the misunderstanding of the phrase right on and the sexual act of cunnilinctus. Robertson aligns himself with the values of his target audience, the working class and lower middle classes, allowing the reader to identify with him. Consequently the reader is content to allow Robertson to represent their opinions as they are convinced that the authors representation of truth is correct, although being subjected to other representations of the truth as well.Robertsons main argument in Michael X on Death dustup was that the death penalty was, in itself, a cruel and unusual punishment Robertsons representation of truth in this instance is that prolonged stay on death row amounted to cruelty and was contrary to the Bill of Rights. Robertson, a Civil Libertarian, believes that there is only hope in the courts and not in politics, and that his strong stances on humanity can only be achieved through battling the government to change the law, in court.Robertson states that he is passionately in favour of the incorporation into British law, the European Convention on human rights. This fact and Michaels ordeal are what brought about the battle to save death row inmates, that Robertson endured for twenty- old age. Robertson repeatedly reminds the reader of the senior status of his battle to abolish capital punishment in commonwealth countries, which reflects his slightly egotistical nature but also symbolically reminds the reader of the many years spent by inmates on death row.As a young lawyer when Robertson took up this case, he was highly idealist and his interest in the case was genuine. The prosecution refutes the defences statement that prolonged stay on death row is inhumane arguing that in many cases the reason for long delays before executions are the self- induced delays of last minute desperate appeals on their behalf from their lawyers. The prosecution continues that innocent people were never convicted and All murder convictions are approved by the finest judge in the world, and deserved their sentence.The defence represents the truth of capital punishment being unbecoming to human dignity. They evoke emotion and sympathy from the reader and the courts through show death with terms such as human sacrifice and using emotive language. Robertson aids this cause through colourful analogies such as analyse his visit to see Michael X to that of seeing the rarest species of animal at the zoo. The defence believes that although their immediate client Michael X cannot be saved, they are helping countries through the emanation of their constitutions.Robertson presents this case in a very biased manor, creating a strong sympathetic feeling in the reader towards the solemn, vulnerable member of the living perfectly Michael X. Throughout the story Michael X is referred to as simply Michael establishing that the inmate is a changed man. Robertson presents Michael X to be the victim and the state to be the villain, which at a time again portrays his distain for authority evident in his other stories. A detailed description of the process of execution is habituated which adds to Robertsons view that capital punishment goes against the European conventions of humanity.The nuisance committed by Michael X is only referred to a whole ten pages into the story, after creating a sense of innocence to the character of Michael, and the crime itself is not given any real importance by Robertson. This is a technique used to portray other truths as such, whilst convincing the reader to conform to Robertsons representation of the truth and not letting the reader believe the alternate truth. All the descriptions of death row are negative, disfavourd by Robertsons resistance to capital punishment.As the subject matter is a serious one dealing with c apital punishment, Robertson has chosen the use of an fair game and serious tone of division in contrast to The Trials of Oz which is presented in a more light- hearted tone to emphasise the undermining of the charges. The first person narrative structure allows the truth to be told from a different and more reliable source than The Trials of Oz as Robertson is more learned in this case, as he was personally involved.This however, brings about the technique of employing one- sided story telling to go on the character of Michael X as a victim of the out dated death row execution system, and emphasises that He was a different man quadruplet years on. Through the technique of careful positioning of facts, Robertson persuades the reader to agree with his representation of the truth. He appeals to the readers humanity and convinces them to sympathise with Michael X, by showing the inhumanity and immorality of the execution system through illustrations of exaggerated cruelty of the g houlish rituals performed before and during execution.In Sylvia Plaths verse form The Mirror, the personification of the reflect stands as the objective endorser of truth. The mirror tells the responder that it is not cruel, only truthful, that it has no other purpose but to reflect the physical appearance of the female body, as a lake would do. This is expressed through the metaphorical statement Now I am a lake. Personification allows the mirror to make unbiased and exact observations and through these we descend to understand the importance of appearance to the woman.The woman searches my (mirrors) reaches for what she really is, conveying Plaths representation of the truth that to the woman, her true self is based purely on her outside(a) appearance. The mirror describes itself as having no preconceptions allowing it to simply reflect the unbiased reflection of a womans physical appearance, unlike candles and the moon, which are said to be liars as they cast mellow lights t hat can distort the reflection from the truth of daylight.Plath metaphorically likens the mirror to The eye of a little god, emphasising the power that it has over the emotional state of the woman who ironically rewards (the mirror) with tears and an agitation of hands acknowledging the importance of the mirror to her, and its faithful reflecting of her true physical appearance. The poem is a chin-wagging on societys fixation on image.Plath exposes the truth about aging the resentment and rejection of it, especially through the continuation of the water imagery that the mirror asserts that in it the woman has drowned a young girl, and an old woman/ Rises, to devour the ageing woman like a terrible fish. This simile provides a grotesque image of old age. The use of the mirror in the poem is in fact an extended metaphor with the mirror possessing the power to reflect image. The poem endorses the importance of image that rectifies the truth about oneself as it best sees fit.Unlike Th e Trials of Oz, The Mirror is not written in a comical and light- hearted tone. It is written in an objective tone of voice as Plath takes on the persona of a mirror to seriously describe its value to the woman. Both texts are however, are relatively un prejudiced in their representations of the truth. The reflective essay Southpaw by Ken Willis, portrays a representation by a side-lined left- hander that left handed people are discriminated against by contemporary society. The persona sees himself as discriminated against because he is a southpaw.The essay is light- hearted and satirical, but nonetheless the left- handers are forced to live in a world designed for right- handers. A series of humorous anecdotes are included to portray the disadvantages faced by the left- handed subordinate group. The accepted values and attitudes of the right- handed society include the acceptance of the downgrading of the subordinate group, as common phrases used in everyday speech are coined wi th an underlying prejudice against the left side.Colloquial phrases among Australians such as shell be right are used as examples within this reflective essay to support the notion that left- handers are discriminated against by the Right handers, as members of the dominant group. In this phrase however, the literal meaning of the word right is to be correct, not the right side as Willis has understood it. This shows that the absolute truth in the Australian phrase has been distorted to reveal Willis representation of the truth.The literal meanings of the word right in Latin and French, is however included to reiterate Willis perspective that right- handers are able to enjoy the sub- conscious discrimination of left- handers. The word right means endowed with dexterity in Latin, and adroit and experts in the use of hand and mind in French. Willis takes his case of accusing society of discriminating against left- handers by bringing in Christian ghostlike connotations.He describes right- handers as sit(ting) at the right hand of God whilst exclaiming that those who sit on the left are cursed into the eternal fire. These expressions are once again taken out of the context in which they are used, and are exploited by Willis to aid in his representation of the truth. The biased qualities seen in this reflective essay is not unlike Michael X on Death Row as both Robertson and Willis attempt to distort the absolute truth into point to support their own representations of the truth.The tone of voice however differs greatly as Southpaw is written in a more comical manor than the serious tone of Michael X on Death Row. Through the study of the above named texts, different representations of the truth can be identified with depending on the bend of certain values and attitudes possessed by the participants involved with the text. It is shown that the absolute truth, in terms of information that is accurately placed in accordance with fact or reality, can be manipu lated and twisted by the composer in order to portray their representation of the truth.A certain enlightenment is provided in dealing with prejudiced and biased material, as persuasive techniques employed by the composers are also revealed. As a Civil Libertarian, Robertson passionately believes that the Law can humble the around powerful governments and wealthy private litigants such as the Princess of Wales. The law permits justice, meaning the side with the best case, to be gained through equal opportunity. Robertson presents his representation of the truth about what he elaborately coins The Justice Game.

Below the Line Sales Promotion

BTL sales promotion is an immediate or delayed inducement to purchase, expressed in cash or in kind, and having short duration. It is efficient and cost-effective for targeting a limited and specific group. It uses less stately methods than the usual ATL channels of advertising, typically focusing on direct message of conversation, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates. BTL services may include those for which a tilt is agreed upon and charged up front.BTL is a common technique used for touch and feel products (consumer items where the customer will rely on immediate learning rather than previously researched items). BTL techniques ensures recall of the brand while at the same time highlighting the features of the product. Another BTL technique involves sales personnel deployed at sell stores near targeted products. This technique may be used to generate trials of newly launched products. It helps marketers establish one-to-one dealinghip with consumers while mass promotions, by definition, make it laborious to gauge consumer-response, except at the time of sales.Examples include tele-marketing, road shows, promotions, in- shop and shop-front activities, display units. The terms below the line promotion or communications, refers to forms of non-media communication, even non-media advertising. on a lower floor the line promotions are becoming increasingly important within the communications mix of many companies, not only those involved in FMCG products, but to a fault for industrial goods. Below the line sales promotions are short-term incentives, largely aimed at consumers.With the increasing pressure on the marketing team to achieve communication objectives more efficiently in a limited budget, there has been a need to find out more effective and cost efficient slipway to communicate with the target markets. This has led to a shift from the regular media based advertising. In oth er words, below-the-line sales promotion is an immediate or delayed incentive to purchase, expressed in cash or in kind, and having only a short term or temporary duration. Below the Line uses less conventional methods than the usual specific channels of advertising to promote products, services, etc. than Above the Line strategies.These may include activities such as direct mail, public relations and sales promotions for which a fee is agreed upon and charged up front. Below the line advertising typically focuses on direct means of communication often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates. Trained sales personnel, often young women, are deployed at Retail Stores, near the shelves of targeted products. These young women convince customers visiting these shelves about the better aspects of their brand compared with others. This is ideal for new launches as it generates trials, which if successful result in repeat sales.In addition, above the line is lots mo re effective when the target group is very large and difficult to define. But if the target group is limited and specific, it is always advisable to use BTL promotions for strength and cost-effectiveness. Say, for example, if a pen manufacturer is going to promote its product, it may take the ATL route, but if a company manufactures computer UPS, it will certainly take the BTL route, as the target group is very limited and specific. More recently, agencies and clients have switched to an Integrated Communication Approach.

Differences between US government and Texas State government

The United States of America is a country consisting of many states, including Texas state, and various outlying areas. Although Texas is one of the states of U. S. , to some degree, it has unlikeness in terms of its governance. This paper scrutinizes the difference between the organization of US and Texas State government in terms of its constitution and saving. The United States is a republican federal republic under the Constitution of 1787 and its amendments.There are three levels of government (1) issue, or federal (2) state, consisting of 50 separate governments and (3) local, consisting of thousands of county, township, city, and other local units within the states (Ferguson, 2001). The U. S. Constitution, the oldest written constitution among the great realms, has replyd as a model for a number of other countries. The presidential system of government, with separation of powers between the decision maker, legislative, and judicial branches, is one of the both leadi ng dramatis personaes of democratic government is use today (Bender, 2006).The emphasis on freedom in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights has been an important world influence. The United States form of government is based on these principles 1. Popular Sovereignty. Supreme power is in the hand of the people. Government is based on the bear of the governed, as expressed through the United States Constitution, elections, and public opinion (Bender, 2006). 2. Constitutionalism, or Limited Government. The U. S. Constitution is the supreme law. Every governmentnational, state, and localand every citizen must abide by its provisions.The national and state constitutions have bills of rights that guarantee certain basic rights to the individual (Bender, 2006). 3. Federalism. Governmental powers are divided between the national government and the states. Whatever powers are non granted to the national government by the Constitution are reserved to t he states or to the people (Bender, 2006). 4. Representative Government. As a republic and representative democracy, the government is run by the voters to express and enforce their will. 5. Separation of Powers.Governmental powers are divided among three generally coordinate (equal-ranking) branches legislative, executive, and judicial. To prevent any one branch from taking over the functions of another, the power of each branch is checked and balanced by the powers of the other two. The President, as chief executive, has the power to veto, or refuse to give consent to, legislation. Laws must be approved by both houses of Congress, the legislative body. (Ferguson, 2001). Through the power of judicial view, the courts can invalidate laws and actions that are contrary to the Constitution.In addition, in terms of its economy, the United States is a leading agricultural nation even though the relative importance of agriculture in the economy has declined steadily over the years. do w ork now accounts for less than 3 percent of the nations labor force and a similar percentage of the gross national product (Baumol, 2005). Nevertheless, it makes the nation virtually self-sufficient in food and, by value, provides about one-seventh of the nations exports. On the other hand, Texas is a state in the south United States.It extends from the Gulf of Mxico and the Rio Grande Valley into a heart of the Great Plains. Texas, with an area of 266, 807 square miles, ranked as the largest state in the Union for more than than a century, and now is second only to Alaska in size. More than 7 percent of the total area of the United States is occupied by Texas. To many people, the tell apart Texas brings to mind dry, barren plains dotted by occasional cattle herds and oil wells. In reality, there is great scenic variety, ranging from thick pine forests and vast arenaceous beaches to beautiful mountains and canyons.There is as much variety in the states economy as in its scenery (Jordan, 2003). Cattle and oil are tranquilize very important in Texas, but they are now only part of a highly diversified economy that is dominated by manufacturing. Texas cities that had long been primarily market and oil-refining centers are now industrial and financial capitals of a multistate area. Despite the many changes that have taken place, Texans maintain a traditional preen in their state and its colorful history. They sometimes tend to think of Texas as a separate country.This feeling is at least partly due to the illustriousness and diversity of Texas, its numerous resources, and a spirit of independence that goes back to the days of the republic of Texas (Ridgeway, 2002). Texas is governed under its fifth constitution, adopted in 1876 and frequently amended. The chief executive of the state is the governor. He is elected for a four-year term and may be reelected an unlimited number of times. The lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the comptroller of public a ccounts, the treasurer, the commissioner of agriculture, and the commissioner of the general tear office are elected for four years.The secretary of state is appointed by the governor for a four-year term (Whisenhunt, 2004). The state legislature meets in odd-numbered years. It consists of a Senate elected for fours and a House of Representatives that are elected for two years. The judicial branch of the government is made up of a supreme court and some(prenominal) lower courts. The judges of all state courts are elected. Texas has 254 counties. It is represented in Congress by 2 senators and 27 representatives. Moreover, until the beginning of the 20th century the economy of Texas was based on farming, ranching, and lumbering.Then, in 1901, large-scale production of petroleum began following discovery of the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont. Since then, the economy of Texas has become closely define to the production and distribution of petroleum, petroleum products, and natur al gas and to such related industries as petroleum refining and the making of petrochemicals. Since roughly mid-century, diverse manufacturing industries have been complete in the state especially notable are those in the electronic and aerospace fields (McDonald, 2003). Today, about 20 percent of the nonagricultural labor force is engaged in manufacturing.Wholesale and retail trade, the service industries, and government also employ large numbers of persons. These changes in the Texas economy reflect the demand, both from within and from outside the state, for an ever-widening variety of products. grand resources, especially petroleum and natural gas, a large labor force, relatively low wages, and large amounts of investment capital have helped bring about these changes (Adams, 2003). Furthermore, Texas has the largest lucre of primary and secondary roads in the United States.The primary system, which connects all major Texas cities, includes seven Interstate routes and many mil es of other multilane divided highways. railroad line mileage is also the largest of any state, but, as in most other states, has declined for many years. Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston are the chief railway hubs. Six major poets serve Texas. Houston, connected to the gulf by the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel, is the states largest port and ranks among the busiest ports in the country. Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Texas City, Port Arthur, and Freeport also handle heavy cargo tonnages.

memory is a constructive and active process Essay

Memory is a subject that has been of much interest to psychologists for many years and divers(a) research has been carried out in aid of trying to understand how recollection works. It derriere be understood that memory is compromised of three processes and three key subsystems which enable it to work and perform efficiently on a daily basis. The encoding process is where information is retrieved via what is known as sensory memory which is encoded all visually or semantically by attaching a nitty-gritty to a word. In frontiers of storage of memory, the information in the sensory memory is either held in short term memory where it deal be recalled for a few minutes or massive term memory where it can be recalled for some(prenominal) decades. However a topic of much debate is whether memory is a constructive or inactive process. Memory as an active process can be explained as the concept of memories cosmos altered, distorted or even constructed from external sources whereas passive memory is where information is recalled exactly as it is encoded. A choose has been made that memory is active and constructive therefore in order to evaluate this lease it is important to consider the relevant studies carried out in this orbital cavity of cognitive psychology. (Brace and Roth, 2007)When sounding at the processes involved in memory, it is clear that the circumstances play an important role in whether retrieval becomes an active or passive process. When information is unfamiliar or leading questions are asked about memories, this can adjoin our recall and the memories can become distorted which implies a constructive fount when recalling information. A number of studies examining specific circumstances and their effects on memory support this concept. Encoding follows a similar principle, where depending on the circumstances the information is either encoded passively or constructed with a mix of new information and information stored in immense term m emory in order to attach meaning to the information. Storage on the other hand is primarily passive as the information is recordedautomatically. It is alike important to take into account that there is non just one type of memory but that it can be split into two different categories, short term memory and long term memory.(Brace and Roth, 2007)When looking at short term memory specifically, it becomes clear that there is a conscious and active aspect to the process therefore supporting the acquire at least partially that memory is constructive. This is demonstrated in Baddley and Hitchs model of short term memory (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) they claim that the short term memory is comparable to a workbench concept where new information is mixed with old memories and stored information in order to pass on out a variety of processes depending on the specific circumstances. The main weakness with this theory or concept is the inability to visually see what is occuring in the brain. Although we can look at PET scans and see relative differences in the posterior Hippocampus when investigating the active part of memory as can be seen in Maguier et als study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) of taxi drivers where that specific section of the brain was enlarged. We are still unable to see the factual information cosmos encoded or stored however the speculation and theories put forward support the concept of some aspects of short term memory macrocosm constructive.pitiful onto the main memory processes, Bartletts The war of the ghosts study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) is particularly relevant when evaluating the claim of memory being an entirely constructive and active process. He chose a story specifically aimed to contain unfamiliar concepts to the participants. This allowed him to examine the effects of social and ain experiences on memory and recall. This study supports the concept of memory being constructive and dynamic because the evidence s hows that instead of the story being encoded and stored in a manner that allowed the participants to recall it accurately and undistorted, the participants used previous experiences and concepts that made reason to them in order to encode and retrieve the information.This distortion or transformation of the facts directly points to memory being active as during the processing of the story, it is likely that elaborative narration played a part in the method of encoding and storage as the participants were linking information toexisting knowledge in order to make nose out of the story. However it is important to consider there was no control over any of the variables in the study therefore the findings from the experiment would be difficult to round in terms of accuracy and reliability in relation to the claim proposed.Further support for the claim comes from a study carried out by Loftus and Palmer (1974, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) which was designed to look at the effect o f leading questions and the influence of linguistics on our memory of events. This study further supports the concept of memory being constructive as the information is being distorted through the participants own experiences, this shows that the memories are not being recalled accurately but are being recalled in a manner that the participant is merging past experiences and knowledge along with the study material.This combined with the suggestive character of the verbs used could also affect the retrieval of memories by misattributing the source resulting in the participants believing something that may not be entirely accurate, in this case the speed of the cars and presence of glass in the video. Although when interpreting the findings, it is important to consider the con proveing variable of individual differences I.e personal perception of speed which could effect the hardness and generalisability of the data. The study also lacks ecological validity as witnessing the car cras h via a media source would not evoke the same emotional response as a witnessing it stolon hand, which could effect the shade and detail of the information stored.In contrast, certain aspects of memory imply a passive aspect of memory as some types of memories are accurately stored and recalled with modest or no distortion and rarely forgotten. In the Bahrick et al (1975, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) study which looked at the recollection of faces and names of people from their graduating classes it was found that even after 35 years there was almost no forgetting and accurate recall of names and faces. This Study supports the aspect of memory being a passive process as the information encoded is being recalled accurately and over a long period of time. These types of memories are classed as enduring memories and diminished or no loss or distortion occurs until very old age where other factors couldbe responsible. However a weakness of the study was that it only tried and t rue names and faces which is a small representation of the types of knowledge stored in long term memory so would be difficult to apply the findings to all aspects of long term memory.Brown and Kulik (1977, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) created the term flashbulb memories in relation to autobiographical memories and carried out an experiment to demonstrate this theory. This experiment pore on events that are surprising and provoke strong emotional responses. This study further supports the notion of memory being passive as long as certain conditions are met. In this particular case the event has to be important to the individual and has to evoke a strong emotional response. As long as these conditions are met an individual is able to store and recall their memories of the event very accurately or at least the reception of the event i.e. who they were with and when they first found out etc.The emotional aspect of the event and the importance to the individual means the informatio n can be recalled exactly as it was encoded with little or no distortion. However, it is important to consider that the rehearsal effect may play an important part in the storage of the memories due to the emotional nature of the event it is possible that these memories are replayed or rehearsed more often than other memories.After evaluating the evidence in relation to the claim that memory is constructive and active, pickings into account both the results and the inherent problems with the studies methodology the conclusion has to be drawn that whilst some aspects of memory are indeed constructive there are also passive elements in all three processes of memory. The studies carried out on the retrieval process of memory certainly show strong indication of memory being constructive and show that memories can be altered or distorted by a variety of factors meaning the information retrieved is subject to change. However looking at both the encoding and storage processes these have be en shown to have both passive and constructive elements depending on the circumstances such as emotional responses and personal relevance. Therefore looking at memory as a single entity, it has to be seen as an amalgamation of both constructive and passive elements. (Brace and Roth,2007)References Brace, N and Roth, I (2007) Memory structures, processes and skills in D. Miell, A.Phoenix, & K.Thomas(Eds.) Mapping psychology, Milton Keynes, The Open University.

Recent Trends in Nursing Care Essay

IntroductionThe discip bed of c ar for has witnessed several transformations and advancements in the last couple of decades that withdraw greatly meliorate on the adjudgemaid efficacy and efficiency. Simpson (2000) for instance, argued that the last 25years have seen abundant and numerous positive innovations. The author attributed some of these advances to nursing advocacy, which for example has contributed to the introduction of much(prenominal) innovation as single room maternity care, and especially for this purpose, family centered care for knobs and their families.Corroborating this stance, Schoot et al (2006) post that a government agency from the technologically-driven, prescriptive, and outcomes-oriented approach aimed at solving peoples health problems (Jonsdottir et al, 2004 p.241), recent trend in nursing practice is now towards family centered, thickening centered care, where practice is determined by the motivatings of the client (Schoot et al., 2006 p.232).Fur thering this line of argument, Simpson (2000), contend that perinatal nursing which involves care for both the child and the parent, which in this case is the stay at home father, consists of a whole of complex clinical interventions, intensive patient and family education, empathetic support and military rating of family dynamics and a wide range of opportunities to make a difference in the lives of the whole family.This location is further compounded considering the fact that in practice, patients are a lot erroneously seen as problems to be corrected, kinda of being seen as mysteries to behold and attend to. Jonsdottir and others (2004) were of the post that the diminishing humanness applied to nursing care and practice further makes family centered care a difficulty. However, the purpose of this paper is to look at show the recent trends in nursing practice and the implications that these holds for family centered nursing care, especially for stay at home fathers, who in mo st cases, need personalized/ personalized care.As argued Jonsdottir and his colleagues reformly argued, the increasing technological approach to nursing care and the standardization of healthcare is placing more(prenominal) emphasis on what the authors called fast-paced, fast-talking health care readiness (2006 p.242) on that pointby moving carrys attention away from relating to patients in a caring manner, which has been shown to be an important aspect of care towards cost efficient service delivery. whizz of the implications of this trend is that living with complex health circumstances, such as that faced by a stay at home fathers, is considered more of a one-on-one affair, which the client must handle alone. These authors argue that, though the necessity of medical treatment is not under contention, however, the standardizing of healthcare procedures with disregard for peoples experiences and left(p) situation was a serious issue to look into.Simpson (2000) identified t wo major issues/problems that have contributed to this reduced relational care between arrests and patient. First, the authors argue that everywhere the last decades, the cost of care has steadily increased this has led to several cuts in the number of nurses attending to patients. Unlike the one-to-one nursing care that use to be the case, the reducing numbers of nurses that have to attend to a number of patients have meant that nurses cannot find the time to adequately relate to their patients.This fact is aptly conveyed in this statement Nurses dont have the time to do nursing they cant even get to know the people they are working with (Fieldhouse, pers. comm., 28 January 2003 Quoted in Jonsdottir, 2004). On the other hand, the increasing use of technology such as monitors, mean that several patients can be monitored remotely without the need to personally get in contact with the patients.Fortunately, more recent literatures report that recent trends in nursing practice is now towards client centered care, instead of the professingally centered approach highlighted above. Researching nurses perception with respect to client centered care, Schoot and colleagues (2006), suggest that individualized/client centered care is little by little gaining prominence in healthcare delivery and has become a topical issue for nurse practice in most western countries. The authors posit that this nursing innovation places the indecorum as the starting point for care.Under this care settings, kind of than the professional taking all the decisions and approaching the client as a problem that must be solved, client centered care involves collaborative effort of both the nurse professional and the client, which is directed towards achieving care that meets the clients peculiar needs, wishes and expectations, while at the same time, in line with professional standards. As a number, this approach to nurse care is centered on client autonomy, improved patient participation a nd shared decision making.One interesting intervention in the direction of client centered care is what Limacher and Wright (2006) referred to as acknowledgment. Reporting a qualitative look into involving several clients and their nurses, these authors suggest that verbal ac familiarityment of the strengths and competencies of the client brings feelings of goodness, optimism and hope which could greatly help the client emotionally. It is argued that care for patients such as stay at home fathers goes beyond physical or medical treatment, empathetic support and acknowledgement could greatly improve the healing process. The result of the qualitative research shows that patients need the medical treatment as much as they need the emotional support, thus such intervention is of great importance. other important and striking innovation or advancement in nursing care is the increased autonomy that nurses enjoy today. Some decades back, nursing was more often seen as professional that barely carry out the prescriptions, recommendation or instructions of the physician. In such a scenario, there was little or cypher that the nurse could contribute to the care of a stay at home father, except for prescriptions of the physician. However, in recent times, nurses are more innovative and able to coach on tasks and responsibilities.Explaining this development with respect to perinatal nursing, Simpson (2000) assert that in many institutions, it is often the nurse who titrates oxytocin for induction or augmentation of labor, the nurse who decides when contraction or fetal heart patterns are within normal limits, the nurse who manages the second stage of labor, and the nurse who suggests the timing for regional anesthesia, thus playing an pivotal enjoyment in the ultimate outcome of labor (Simpson, 2000 p.301). It can be asserted that improved nurse autonomy can impact positively on nurse patient relationship and more importantly on patient outcomes.As a fallout of the improved autonomy enjoyed by nurses in recent times, there is an increasing trend towards evidence ground nursing. Simpson argues that twenty five years ago, it was almost impossible to hear nurses discussing about evidence based care, he posited that then, such practices as heavy narcotics for use in labor were not only rarely questioned or frowned at, they were almost seen as the norm.Also, nurses were more preoccupied with carrying out orders and prescriptions, than agony about evidence or rationale for any particular intervention. Fortunately, today the story is drastically different. Jonsdottir and others are of the opinion that through continuous research and knowledge development, nurses have come to realize the importance of research to practice (Jonsdottir et al., 2004). This fact is further buttressed by Fawcett (1999), who argued that nurses have come to realize that the nursing profession is both an educational and professional discipline, and as such, basic, applied, and clinical types of research are required to direct practice in the right direction.Simpson further posit that rather than just taking orders and carrying out tasks, nurses can now question traditional practice and also examine literatures for evidence in support or against the way things have been done (2000 p.303). While Fawcett (1999) contend that nurse clinicians now practice nursing in an increasingly thoughtful manner by continually contemplating situations and reaching their minds towards insight into nursing practice to better help people improve their health, Simpson (2000) on the other hand suggest that the majority of todays nurses have the skills and knowledge to search through computer databases for important literature and to critically measure the combined weight of facts gathered from such literatures to influence decision on the right intervention.The ability to collaborate with the physician also enables the nurse to provide better evidenced based care to the s tay at home father. For instance, nurses are becoming more aware that as an autonomous healthcare provider, they are responsible for their actions and inactions. As a result, the average nurse has the right to critically evaluate every intervention prescribed by a physician for compliance with standards and recent evidence.With such knowledge, the nurse can better collaborate with the physician in the best interest of the patient. Although, Simpson (2000) regret that less than 50% of the registered nursing population in the United States have a 4year college degree. Positing that a baccalaureate degree greatly influences the ability to adequately understand research methods and design, which is pertinent for effective research critique the author suggest that the minimal nursing qualification should be re-considered.This is more important, considering the fact that the ability to critically evaluate evidences presented in literatures for validity and reliability and to be able to pr esent credible recommendations or inform practice based on such research evidence, nurses need better knowledge about the research process and design, on which the ability to effectively critique a research work is founded.With everything said so far, it is important to examine how the knowledge gained so far can influence nursing practice. To start with, the increasing nurse autonomy holds grave implications positive and negative, for the practicing nurse that requires serious considerations. It is a know fact that every right comes with a duty. Autonomy of the nurse means that the average nurse has the right to decide what intervention is right at every instance. The nurse also has the right to correct or challenge a colleague, when he/she realizes that the right procedure has not being followed in attending to a patient.With the same gravity, the nurse has to be accountable for every action and inaction, decision and indecision. However, for a nurse caring for a stay at home fat her, autonomy has more advantages, as with every other care that requires an emotional relationship between the nurse and the client. In this circumstance, the nurse can adequately care for the patient without necessarily worrying about strict regulations. The nurse can provide a client centered care for a patient when he/she is able to make decisions, collaboratively with the patient on the best and most suitable approach without the restrictions of standardizations.Also the recede to evidence based practice means that the nurse practitioner has a guiding knowledge base to help make the right care decisions as at when due. Evidence based care ensures that only the best known procedures are employed in caring for patients.In the same light, the trend towards relational care i.e. personalized care to meet the needs of individuals, to help them live with the complex health and emotional issues that most patients live though ensures better quality of life for patients. The understand ing and empathetic relationship established between the nurse and the patient ensures that the patient is not only treated but cared for in a manner that brings solace and comfort from the several discomfort that comes with illness.In conclusion, it is a fact established over the centuries that nursing is influences peoples lives, not only in illness, but in health as well. As better innovations and nurse interventions are developed and researched, the nursing profession becomes better and more effective in its role as the carer for the society.ReferencesFawcett, Jacqueline (1999). The State of Nursing Science Hallmarks of the 20th and 21st Centuries. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(4)311-318.Jonsdottir, Helga, Merian Litchfield, Margaret Dexheimer Pharris (2004).Issues And Innovations In Nursing Practice The relational substance of nursing practice as partnership. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(3)241250.Limacher, Lori Houger and Lorraine M. Wright (2006). Journal of Family Nursing, 12(3)307-331.Schoot, Tineke, Ireen Proot, Marja Legius, Ruud ter Meulen, Luc de Witte (2006). Client-Centered Home Care Balancing Between Competing Responsibilities. Clinical Nursing Research, 15(4)231-254.Simpson, Kathleen (2000). A critical evaluation of the past 25 years of perinatal nursing practice Opportunities for improvement. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing (MCN), 25(6)300-304.

Research Paper: Marjane Satrapi Essay

Beset with the unthinkable, the Islamic Revolution defines turbulent times for many Iranians (Tehran). Numerous females including Satrapi were robbed of their social rights due to westernizing and secular efforts (Tehran). In turn, the Islamic Revolution undermined the younger Satrapis ability to come to basis with her own identity nevertheless, she now writes to share her experience with oppression and her later journey towards cultural integration.It is a historical dispute that woman did not have their share of say in the revolutionaries political agendum (Mouri). In the months following the Revolution, obligatory hijabs were decreed (Mouri). Girls of every age rank were forced to wear a veil. Several active Iranian female revolutionists discharged into the street protesting what soon became the law of the land. Their male comrades did not offer support believing that the time was not appropriate. Instead, they simply encouraged solidarity with the new government in order to di splay a united front before their international enemies (Kar). Consequently, wearing hijab became mandatory, and the lack of it was disciplinal (Kar). Satrapi was 10 at the time, experiencing her first instances of Irans social and political transformations. (Kutschera). The compulsory hijab eventually assumed a government-sponsored and aggressive position (Kar). Various female and liberal minded organizations were marginalized and stripped of their supremacy. The regime suppressed these crowds by means of methods such as coercion, enticements, deportation, and brutal force.Years later, Satrapi was spared the oppression of an Islamic regime at the peak of its defeat (Leith). Her lack of unwavering obedience and expressive nature would have caused her immense trouble with government. Thus, afraid shed be a victim of the regimes repression and prejudice, her parents sent her to Vienna (Kutschera). Unfortunately, she was challenged with preconceived notions held by Europeans (Leith) . eyepatch attending a boarding school ran by nuns, Marjane was expelled for calling the chief mother a prostitute when she claimed that Iranians were uneducated (Hattenstone). Marjanes carriage eventually plummeted leading her to homelessness, bronchitis, and drug abuse (Hattenstone). Defeated, she escaped the havoc by returninghome, ultimately surrendering herself to the sprightlinessstyle she once rejected (Hattenstone).Unfortunately, the hijab and restricted style options werent Satrapis true concern. Upon her arrival home, Satrapi dealt with more prejudice than she had originally anticipated. She was known as the Western Iranian, which made her cultural passing in Iran especially difficult. Her later diagnosis with depression fostered even more mayhem within her life resulting in suicidal attempts. Her early 20s were indeed tempestuous times as she struggled to imbed and integrate herself into foreign customs. The end of the Islamic Revolution didnt necessarily mean that th e essence of decomposition and repression were eradicated. In fact, the bitterness lingered for another 30 years shaping a void for many Iranian women. The marriage age for females was lowered to nine, and they lacked the rights to beget divorce.Meanwhile, their male counterparts were able to assume full custody of their children, obtain unilateral divorce, and have as many wives as they desired. In all, females received a lot of virulent treatment if they failed abide by the restrictive nature of Islamic rule. For a female foreigner care Satrapi, simply bearing a different style of clothing or thought was enough to galvanize unwanted attention. It was remarkably problematic having to assimilate into a culture she had to escape from in the first place. In the end, Satrapi realized that although Iran is her home, the social oppression outweighed that one factor. She eventually returned to Europe to pursue an art degree and overhear on the next chapter of her life, Persepolis.Pe rsepolis was written in efforts to share her experience regarding the Islamic regime. It is often a misconception that Iranians were spectral fanatics versus being traditional, and for that, Satrapi wrote to bring light and understanding into the situation. She wanted to clarify that what people saw in the intelligence information didnt bear the whole picture. Her other renowned writing projects such as Chickens and Plums and Persepolis II likewise entail political elements along with personal experiences. It is ultimately her way of preserving an evolutionary truth that could have succumbed had she not taken the time to share.Consequently, Satrapis story is now one of the most popular books known for embodying a realistic coming of age story during the Islamic Revolution. She undertakes a realistic portrayal of how private life and public life can be drastically assailed by political upheaval.

Juveniles Tried as Adults Essay

In the United States, anyone who is charged for committing a abuse before the day of their 18th birthday is considered a teen and depending on the severity of the vitrine shall be tried as a juvenile. There ar some cases however, where the juvenile judge schema should be harder on the juvenile, but in most cases they should not go to an cock-a-hoop prison. There be most certainly some cases in which the juvenile should boldness the magnanimous justice governance, but for superficial instances, a juvenile court will suffice. I find it hard to agree that a juvenile convicted for crimes dealing with drugs, alcohol, traffic violations, etc. should be tried in an adult court to receive penalty however, I do believe that someone who commits rape, murder, kidnapping, or any otherwise major crimes of the sort should be taken to an adult court. Old enough to do the crime, old enough to do the time, is a credit I re fellow member hearing as I was growing up, but I was not tau ght that it utilize to small or minor crimes, but often serious ones involving the harming of another individual. Placing juveniles in adult prisons keister cause them to be put in danger, when in reality many of them can be fix done the juvenile justice system. Juvenile offenders sometimes commit crimes that ar equal to or of higher(prenominal) quality than those of adults however, punishing them as adults in adult prisons will do no justice they atomic number 18 less competent to stand visitation, adult prisons can harm them mentally, physically, and emotionally, and they more often than not guide the actions they do because of someone who is of influence to them.Juvenile offenders atomic number 18 often less competent than adults to stand trial making it ineffective to sentence them as if they were adults. Juvenile offenders are classified as childish, infantile, and young, according to dictionary.com. some(a) studies flummox examined the see to iting that y asidehs ha ve on trial procedures and the overall basic knowledge of trials (Grisso et al). During these studies they found that at that place was no compassion to the basic knowledge of trials and trial procedures to that of adults. One study conducted showed that 55% of the juveniles they interviewed could not accurately describe what the Miranda laws meant when read to them except the section that says, you have the right to remain silent, according to the National meaning of Juvenile Justice.The National Center of Juvenile Justice too stated that, juveniles from the ages of 11-15 are very incapable and that 16-24 yearolds have similar levels of competence. The juveniles who are younger, or in the 11-15 range, are less likely to understand the risks and consequences of the adult justice system, and in that respectfore may not benefit from it. They also possess weaker decision-making skills. Since they lack decision-making skills, they are more likely to nettle poor decisions when comm itting crimes, but also when agreeing to sentencing or plea agreements, leading them to an raw trial because of the unfair advantages that justice system would have over them. Adult prisons are very pernicious to ones mental, physical, and emotional capabilities especially when they are juvenile. Being placed in an adult prison can make them susceptible to sexual harassment, physical harassment, and psychological harassment from other inmates. They could also face longer, rougher sentences than they would have if they would have stayed in the juvenile system. A study that was done on 946 juveniles found that 87% of them faced longer sentences than they would have if they had stayed in a juvenile justice system, according to Mulvey and Schubert. In 2005, 21% of all inmates that were sexually victimized by another inmate were under the age of 18, states Mulvey and Schubert.The risk of a juvenile being physically abused in an adult prison is much higher than that of an adult in the sa me system because juveniles are easier targets and less likely to create a struggle. Doing the time for doing the crime might be seen as fair, but doing much worse time because the crime was done age an adolescent seems to tip the balance beyond even-handed justice (Mulvey et al 846). Adult prisons also have a different effect on juveniles than they do on adults when it comes to their development since juveniles are receiving the punishment they are at a younger age it can cause problems for them in the future. According to Mulvey and Schubert, Adolescents in the adult system may be at risk for disruptions in their personal development, identity formation, relationships, learning, growth in skills and competencies, and incontrovertible movement into adult status. Identity formation is just one of the aspects in which their development can be affected. Identity formation is when you find out who you are as a person, this is often discovered through with(predicate) learning from yo ur parents, friends, peers, etc., but when you are placed in a facility like an adult prison you are surrounded by people who have all committed a crime and are bad influences to you and cause you to create your true self around that type of behavior.Juveniles in the adult systems also lose great opportunities such as their ability to learn about all aspects of life and the responsibilities and goals they should have. They are instead learning about the inside of a prison, jail, etc. Being in these facilities causes juveniles to miss out on learning the responsibility of a job, school, family, values, goals, finding qualities in someone that could be a capableness spouse, making new friends who could be positive influences, and a. All of these statistics prove that adult prisons are very bruising to juveniles, especially mentally, physically, and emotionally. It is also often found that juveniles will make the choices they do based upon the choices they watched their close peers m ake or just the types of people they are surrounded by in general which shows that they are untested and very easily influenced. It is hard to prove that most, or all, of juveniles have a full understanding of the justice system and the courts, making it difficult to believe that they should be tried as adults in this system. Many juveniles have the ability to change their behavior through the programs that we have specifically for them not through adult prisons. A child who comes from a broken home, or a home without both parents, a family that is part of the demoralize class, or from a family that is rather large in sizing have been found to be the legal age of juveniles facing time in juvenile or adult systems.Families who are large in size and of a lower class often find that the children are more likely to grow up without any values or goals because they are often left home alone or there is at least less supervision over each individual child, therefore causing them to be h urt and sometimes wanting to inflict pain upon someone or something in hopes to make themselves receive better. Family relationships, duties, responsibilities and privileges, and the amount of control exercised over children all play roles in forming character and influencing behavior. The attitudes and actions of parents can create an grave influence in the lives of children. Families in crisis will most likely affect the behavior of juveniles. If one member of a family becomes sick, schizophrenic, or alcoholic, a child may react based on the familys geomorphological problems, according to Joseph Wickliffe. Families who contain an unstable parent(s) can create a child that is more likely to be disobedient, especially if the way the rules are portrayed is too aggressive, too passive, or just unclear. According to a study that Joseph Wickliffe talksabout, It was discovered that 4.1 percent of fathers were found to use sound discipline practices 26.7 percent, fair and 69.3 percent, unsound. extend consistent and firm control but not so strict as to arouse alarm and antagonism, fair control which is indefinite sometimes strict, sometimes lax, and unsound highly lax or extremely rigid control by the parents, which, on the one hand, gives unrestrained freedom of action and, on the other hand, restricts to the point of rebellion. Juveniles are also prone to make decisions based off of what the people with authority want, for instance, they are more likely to confess or accept a plea agreement if their lawyer is coitus them that they should do so. After learning of all of the negative consequences that come with placing a juvenile in the adult courts and/or prisons, I have concluded that for most cases a juvenile should be processed through the juvenile system and take the punishment given there.

Striving for Personal Success

Striving for individualized achievement University of capital of Arizona Gen 200 Eleanor Roosevelt once said, In the long run, we shape our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we influence are ultimately our own responsibility (Goodreads Inc. , 2013). Although spirit can be a major check-out procedure on succeeder, it besides can be one factor in obtaining college advantage. The own(prenominal) responsibility a student holds is based on their motivation and self- sacrifices.Success in life and in college can only be measures by the hard work, drive, and dedication. Personal responsibility is defined as relating or pertaining to oneself and the fix of responsibility as moral, legal, or mental accountability (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2013). One way of applying personal responsibility in a students life is to continue to push the limits that other good deal agree placed on them and pushing those boundaries to the max. W ith huge success can come countless opportunities, by means of these opportunities comes dedication and challenges.It is in how each person deals with those dedication and challenges that makes the sacrifices charge everything. When the idea of quitting occurs is when an individual must lean on his or her support systems to pull them through that state of mind. It is family, friends, and amazing instructors who can be the factors between persevering through the hard seasons and giving up. The disbelief a student forget then have to face is, what is most important to that person? By fguring out that question and realize the time and dedication that has already been applied would be a waste.At this final exam point the individual has to drive the motivation and drive to re light that fire under them and ontinue to touch on. It is that personal responsibility of holding oneself accountable for the hard work that will lead that person to college success. Personal responsibility i s a factor in achieving success in life and in college, but personal responsibility in like manner can be a hinder. By organism a college student people not only have dedication to their schoolwork, but also their outside school, such as family, friends, and a Job.The struggle is trying to find that balance needed to succeed in all fields. Alexandra Escobar said, Professional women often struggle as they try to alance their work and personal roles, while still trying to bugger off in both, she currently holds a masters degree in education and holds a chair for the College of Education at University of Phoenix South Florida Campus (How women in business can lean in, personal roles, but as shown through her degree and position held in her college now the success for a degree is possible.The major factor is time management. Every person must learn to create time for what matters, whether that is to wake up an hour preceding or turn the television off to eff that one assignment. 0. 1. Simpson once said, The day you take complete responsibility for yourself, the day you stop making any excuses that is the day you start to the top (emailprotected, 2001). If this degree and college success is what matters, that person will find a way to make it work, or that person will find a way to make excuses.The main question every person must ask themselves is success at this very moment more important than success for growth that can better ones future tense or not? Personal responsibility and college success are proving to be one and the same. Success in college and in life can only be achieved by ones own self-sacrifice and elf-dedication. Winston Churchill once said, The expense of greatness is responsibility (emailprotected, 2001). Winston Churchill is right.It is the self-sacrifice of choosing to miss out on social events, school events, or pull redundant work hours so that person can finish his or her assignments needed to succeed in their classes. The self-dedic ation will need to be applied to obtain such greatness. By applying self- dedication and personal sacrifices one is allowing themself to grow in personal success. Each hurdle completed in their college Journey is another step approximate to obtain ollege success as well as being able to apply the knowledge obtained into their life style and in return gain success in the workforce.It is each individuals personal responsibility to apply what is being learned in and out of the classroom through their college Journey that will truly allow them to have the greatest form of college success. An educational success will be obtained by a college degree, but also a workforce knowledge and personal growth that can be achieved only by experiencing that equilibrise act between personal responsibility and college success. In conclusion, personal responsibility is the key to success. Success is also determined by self-sacrifice and self-dedication.

Biological Pest Control Case Study – the cassava mealybug

The Cassava launch was brought to Africa from South the States in the 16th century. The next four years the starchy thickened roots became the main quotation of fodder for millions of Afri stomachs, providing up to 70% of the recommended daily intake. The cassava starch plant is the habitat of the cassava mealy bug and is alter by the insect.The problem The cassava mealy bug- eat cassava plant- biological constraint of mealybug by employ white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.When the cassava plant was infixd to Africa well-nigh of its predators for example mites and plant diseases, were not as well introduced in that locationfore leaving the plant free of most of its predators but in the 1970s a pest called the cassava mealybug was accidently introduced from Latin America(2) The pest is a rare insect but it quickly spread across the entire cassava plant growing area and due to the lack of natural predators within 10 years it became the most important pest insect on cassava causing a departure of up 80% of crop. The mealybug(5) shown on left hand side of text has impairmentd the cassava plants by sucking chump from roots, tender leaves petioles and fruit form the plant.The severely infested leaves of the cassava plant bequeath turn yellow (3) and bit by bit dry out a severe attack on the cassava plant can leave behind in shredding of leaves. On the powerful is a motion-picture show (4) of a cassava plant which has been infested by the mealybug. an early(a)(prenominal) problem with the mealybugs is that some go out inject a toxic substance while feeding causing deformation of the cassava plant and in that respectfore there was less food to be harvest. Although timing is not regular, depending on biological events and conditions such as area under cultivation and climatic factors, it seems that major refreshful diseases or strains of cassava disease tend to appear every 710 years. Table infra shows the disease problem in Arica.Biological meth ods/ processes- biological defend of invasive species.Cassava mosaic and mealybug curtail programs were introduced in the 1970s (2) to combat these two problems, the decline in crop beca utilize of the mealybug eating the plant and further decline because of the spread of disease. The Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) based in Trinidad and the supranational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) enquiryed into how the mealybug was kept under restrict in South America. They lastly found that a tiny wasp ( milder than the head of a pin) called the Leptomastix, which laid its eggs on the mealybug was keeping the mealy bugs under control therefrom protecting the cassava plant. The picture on the right shows the small wasp on the mealybug larvae.You can read also Costco Case StudyThe picture on the left shows an infected cassava tuber dug from the field and sliced open. The wasps were able to control the cassava eating the cassava crops by the wasp laying eggs on the mealybug they grew on the mealybug, the wasp larvae therefrom killing the mealybug this would have a huge consummation on the commonwealth as seen in South America, of the mealybug and therefore restoring the natural proportionality. This could be the breakthrough that they were looking for and could control the mealybug.Meeting the challengeTests were run on the wasp by the CABI Bioscience in the UK. in that location the mealybug was tested to see how exceedingly specific they are to the cassava mealybug host because if they were not then they could also yarn-dye separate insects in the continent and therefore would be too dangerous to introduce to the area. The results showed that the wasp was highly specific to the insect (mealybug) so were given the okay to be shipped to Africa so they then can be reared and then the distributed to other areas around Africa. This was a huge breakthrough as without this research it had the ability to cause huge damage on the surroundings and t he economy because of further damage to other crops.Appropriateness.-Has been successful with the mealybug.The mealybug feeds on the cassava stem, petiole, and flicker near the growing point of the cassava plant. During feeding, the mealybug injects a toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and eventual leaf withering. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. The yield loss in infested plants is estimated to be up to 60 percent of root and 100 percent of the leaves the root is the main source of food so this causes a huge problem for the crop yield. The results were a reduction in mealybug damage was seen in the first season following release in both the leaf and the root, and full control was typically achieved within 24 years (6) aft(prenominal) and now after a decade (10 years) the cassava mealybug and the wasps lived in natural balance with the mealybug population have to a maximum o f 10% of what they were 10 years ago at a peak of the infestation.(1) straight the cassava can grow with no or little damage from the mealybug as the wasp has stopped the 60% root damage and the 100% of leaf destruction. Yield losses as describe by farmers are averaged at about 80% during the 1983 cassava mealybug outbreak but were minify to 43% in 1979 pre infestation levels. (7)ImplicationsEnvironmental- An purlieual implication is that when the wasps are introduced to south America there was a risk that it could have a huge impact on the food chain as by taking away one organism or gaining one can have a rap on effect on others for example of the wasp was then hunted by a predator this could leave its normal pray to multiply therefore having an over population which in turn can then have knock on effects to their pray and so on and so on until extinction of a food source. Causing problems for South America in the economy and for the environment also. This environmental impli cation causes an imbalance of the natural balance of wildlife this may have a knock on effect of the overall environmental surrounding and the effect on the human population.EconomicFor the farmers of Africa the economic impact has been multipurpose and successful by increasing dramatically there yield percentage therefore increasing the silver income. Every pound of investment in the mealybug project control work has returned between cc and 500 pounds. These benefits to the environment from this environmental solution with no costs but a huge profit in crop harvest, obviously is a clear advantage economically to the farmers. By introducing the wasps there go away be a series of tests that need to be run before can be take in for example testing the wasps to see if they were highly specific to the mealybug and whether they would cause destruction on other pests in the environment. The cost of setting up the project is costly especially as it is a longitudinal study so will hav e a large amount of money spent which will be spent over the years as has to be monitored over the years.Benefits to the humansThere was a desperate need for something that could stop the crop destruction on the cassava plant and by decision the wasp that ate the mealybug which was destroying the crop made the crop loss decrease dramatically There was 80% of crop lost so with the help of the cassava mealybug project has gone downhearted to 43 % (7) this a huge benefit for the locals economically it brings in more income for them and also more food, As is a large food source for the local people. The cassava plant is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropic area. The cassava is a major food in the developing world, providing a basic forage for around 500 million people. Cassava is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on fringy soils. Nigeria is the worlds largest get outr of cassava. The cassava is a great source of carbohydrate for the p eople although it lacks in protein.Risks to the environmentAlthough there is many reasons why there was a need for this biological control of the cassava mealybug, but there was also a huge risk of the environment being destroyed for example, if the wasp was not highly specific to the mealybug and caused a different crop to grow out of control this could also affect the natural balance of the environment resulting in and upset of the natural predators food source leading to dislocation of habitat and extinction of some insects which will have a large effect on predators high up the food chain. The wasp being introduced to the environment could have caused further damage on the environment destroying the local agriculture if it had effected another plant in the environment with could have caused further damage on the local economy and their food source. The food chain on the right shows how a small animals decrease of extinction would affect along the food chain resulting in effect ing the highest food predator and can easily lead to extinction of this animal.Alternative solutionsPesticides can be used to control out breaks of mealybugs. It is not very easy to control, as the cassava mealybug is covered in hydrophobic rear which repels water-based insecticides therefore making it very difficult ton successfully irradiate the mealybug using this method of biological control. Also unless mealybugs are sprayed with the insecticide at certain times the treatment will not be effective. Firstly because mealybugs are protected from aqueous sprays by their wax coat and try out sheltered sites at certain points in which to feed, insecticides must be applied when mealybugs have least wax and are most exposed. This time is in early spring as the mealybugs will feed on the foliage and at this point the mealybugs are young and have not had enough time to produce the full thick layer of wax coating.And therefore this leaves the mealybug unprotected from the insecticide. There are also fewest leaves at this point so is harder for the, mealybug to hide from the insecticide resulting in a high success rate. Insecticides applied after Christmas has limited effect, Once mealybugs have established there position on the plant (usually from mid-January onwards), they are virtually im mathematical to remove or control with insecticides at this stage therefore this means that there has to be a lot of research gone into discovering the perfect time to use the pesticide therefore costing a lot as is a longitudinal study and may motley from year to year.Genetic modification.Another possibility that is being looked into it genetic modification of plants, this was done by Dr Stanford. He was looking into crop improvement and saw the power of genetic selection and how there was limited changed possible using just selective breeding. He then became involved in plant genetic engineer research and showed that there were numerous genes which were potentially useful in crop plants but they were struggling to predominate a method for delivering these genes into the plant genome, there was no transformation technology(8) . Further research showed that shooting desoxyribonucleic acid into cells thereby penetrating cell walls and membranes. This was called the gene hoagie and it was able to transform early transgenic crops. This gene gun would be able to in theory change the genetic makeup of the cassava plant so that it could offer some sort of protection against predators. This would also have risks as you do not experience how the modification will affect all of its predators and could therefore have an effect on them so may cause harm in some way. Although there is less risk in destroying the natural environment as it is not causing other insects a problem.ConclusionIn conclusion the biological control of the mealybug has had a huge effect and has caused the problem of the economy and environment to be resolved therefore keeping harmony bet ween the organisms and the human population by keeping a natural balance between the small wasp and the mealybug.