Friday, December 20, 2019

Authentic Leadership Leadership Theory And The Work Of...

Authentic Leadership Similar to servant leadership, authentic leadership has developed from questionable business practices and general societal fear and uncertainty in times of peril (Northouse, 2016). One of the newer areas of leadership, authentic leadership has risen from the search for honest, trustworthy, and positive leadership approaches (Northouse, 2016; Nyberg Sveniningsson, 2014). According to Northouse (2016), the concept of authentic leadership originates from transformational leadership theory and the work of Bass (1990) and Bass and Steildmeier (1997) on authentic transformational leadership. Desires to be genuine, â€Å"true to oneself† or â€Å"real† are generally not new, however, research on authentic leadership in terms of†¦show more content†¦In addition, it is implied that authentic leadership operates under the general assumption that being true to one’s self equates to encompassing high moral values that are inherently â€Å"goo d† (Northouse, 2016; Nyberg Sveniningsson, 2014). Gardiner’s (2011) examination if Heidegger’s (1967) early work explains that people largely lead inauthentic lives, and that it is only possible to be authentic in moments of anxiety when we answer the call of our conscience. According to Gardiner (2011), recognition and acceptance of personal guilt allows one to take up an authentic stance and become consistent with their own beliefs. As one of the more contemporary frameworks, examination of authentic leadership remains in the early stages of development. The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) provides a tool for further research; however, challenges to whether authentic leadership is sufficient in producing positive outcomes arise when examining whether behaviors of authentic leaders supersede other critical leadership skills. Researchers may choose to combine authentic leadership with related theories to explore how authentic leadership influences follower behaviors and outcomes (Walumbwa et al., 2008). Methodology We now understand servant and authentic leadership share many similarities asShow MoreRelatedServant And Authentic Leadership Theories1485 Words   |  6 PagesServant and Authentic Leadership Theories: Short Paper Examination Introduction Effective leadership, commonly regarded as both a learned skill and innate ability, is an essential characteristic of successful organizations (Northouse, 2016). Great leaders are said to define purpose, create a vision for the future, set high ethical standards, and guide their organizations through many circumstances and into new directions (Morrill, 2007; Parris Peachey, 2012). Leadership is also described as complex

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Challenges of Philippines Fashion Industry-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Philippines Fashion Industry. Answer: Challenges: To operate in the fashion industry of the Philippines, it is vital to know various factors that distinguish this particular culture to that of Australia. There are some major challenges that the company may face such as, difference in cultural dimension, communication practices, negotiation process which is associated with the government as well as the supply chain or other stakeholders (White III, Boddewyn and Galang 2015). Cultural dimension: There are six major cultural dimensions such as Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and finally Term Orientation. After judging these dimensions, the organisations enter any foreign market. In these dimension there is a high variation among the Philippine and the Australian culture. Communication practices: As the company is going to deal with the fashion business in the Philippines. It is important for it to come across with the nuances of culture and communication. It is necessary to build networks which has proved to be great challenge previously. Negotiation process: In the Philippines it is necessary that the company head will be making decisions who avoids meeting people in order to shun confrontation. The negotiation process takes time because the Philippines has made the group consensus necessary. In case the representatives are changed, the company has to start over the negotiation process that slows done the negotiation process. Infrastructure and regulation: The country has proved to have low advancement in infrastructure development. This include their near to the ground transport system, overcapacity in the international airlines and regular Urban as well as port congestion. In addition to this, the Philippines has ranked lowest in the field of internet speed, penetration and connectivity. The country is having huge restrictions in productregistration and environmental andlabellingrequirements. Addressing the challenges: In order to avoid these challenges, the corporation needs to first realise the methods of motivation, training and manage performance of the local employees before entering the Philippine market. To communicate successfully, there is a need of getting introduced by a third party (Gootiiz and Mattoo 2017). Concerns with the local community: The local community of the Philippines is concerned with the increasing corruption in each level of society. The country has low judicial efficacy. These are slow and complicated that fail to inhibit fair resolution of the commercial disputes which affect the local people. Despite the fact that English language is used in governmental activities, a great number of community is incapable of understanding and communicate which affect their business. This leads to unemployment and depression. Solution: As it is a fashion garment company, it can do a lot to maintain a long term relationship with the local communities. These communities have a huge like for fashion and they are capable to amalgamate the tradition with modern. The company will- It is a carbon neutral brand which will support the environmental problems in the Philippines. Understand the communitys stated needs and maintain the relations to keep motivated them Conducting the adaptation research which strengthens to allow for greater elasticity in resource their utilization. References: Bird, K., 2018. Reducing Youth Not in Employment, Education, or Training through JobStart Philippines. Gootiiz, B. and Mattoo, A., 2017. Regionalism in services: a study of ASEAN.The World Economy,40(3), pp.574-597. Kleibert, J.M., 2015. Industry-academe linkages in the Philippines: Embedding foreign investors, capturing institutions?.Geoforum,59, pp.109-118. White III, G.O., Boddewyn, J.J. and Galang, R.M.N., 2015. Legal system contingencies as determinants of political tie intensity by wholly owned foreign subsidiaries: Insights from the Philippines.Journal of World Business,50(2), pp.342-35

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Issues in International Business GDP

Question: Discuss about theIssues in International Businessfor GDP. Answer: Introduction Internal business has been increasing tremendously since the year 2000, with multiple companies expanding abroad to gain several benefits(Hodgetts, 2006). International trade has multiplied more than a hundred times since 1955 with globalization accounting for more than 25% of world GDP. But internalizing of businesses poses a number of challenges inspite of its several benefits. Benefits from international trade include easy access to resources, markets, technical expertise, production inputs, and lower labor costs and so on. Challenges from international business include cultural, constant flexibility to adapt to changing environments, political risks and risks from strategic choices(Bjrkman, 2007). The scope of this report is to study and analyze the potential cross-cultural impact on international business. Whereas discussion on international business can be extended to lengths, but this paper reviews scope of Singapore business culture with that of United States of America. Hofs tedes cultural dimension is an important tool that helps in analysis of cross-cultural parameter, which is used for discussing the two countries issues in international business. In the report host country is USA whereas home country is Singapore, hence we are considering a business from Singapore internationalizing in USA. Figure 1 : International Business Singapore with United States of America Source : (Incorporation, Retrieved on 16th November 2016) Cultural Analysis of Host Country Cultural includes traditional habits, behaviors, belief and conduct of people from a particular country or origin. There are several components and ways in which culture can be divided or analyzed as demonstrated below; Aesthetics includes imagery and artistic aspects of a culture which includes music, painting, dance, drama and architecture and so on. In United States due to the liberal and democratic point of view, business from other culture especially selects vibrant color in product packaging or advertising as blue or red. Whereas in Singapore colors combinations is preferred, reflecting culture influenced by ideologies and traditions(Kim Cheng Low, 2006). Music used in advertisement often relate to a persons sentimental, emotional or traditional values. Values and Attitude forms ideas, beliefs, customs that individuals are attached to. Attitudes form evaluations of feelings and behaviors of individuals. USA has high value towards their job and low towards their family in comparison to Singapore(Gelfand, 2011). Manners and Customs refer to appropriate ways and methods of speaking, behavior and conducting oneself. USA people as well as business have a more friendly approach to doing business and do not have such customs that needs to be maintained. In Singapore, manners and customs forms the pillars of individuals as well as businesses, thus one needs to be aware of them and abide by them. Religion refers to the human values that are developed from religious beliefs. Religion shape a person understands of work, god, and material goods and so on. USA has a mixed cultural society with majority people belonging to Christian community. But people do not observe their religion stringently. In Singapore majority religion is Christianity, Buddhism with high level of emotional dependence on it. A business from Singapore operating in USA will not face major issue in terms of religion, as both have similar religion but traditions differ(Trocki, 2006). Social Structure includes a cultures fundamental aspects as social groups, positions, friendship and so on. In USA majority of the social structure includes nuclear families or live-in couples, homosexual couples and so on. In Singapore joint large family with relatives is common. In Singapore people generally like to associate and belong to a particular group which is not the case in USA, where people enjoy their freedom from a small age(Luo, 2007). Personal Communication includes ways and processes to convey feelings, thoughts, knowledge, speech, action and writing. USA has its official language as English and all transactions in business are conducted in English. In Singapore official language is English as well as Mandarin. Business from Singapore entering in USA will not face much trouble while conducting business, as they are conversant in the language. Physical Environment includes the various physical attributes of a place which helps in culture transfer. USA has diversified topography, whereas Singapore is an island(Rugman, 2009). USA has been influenced by diversified type of cultures which is reflected in its demographic processes. Singapore has been mostly been impacted by Chinese, who have traditional structure and value systems. Though Singapore has overcome certain dimensions of its past cultures, it is yet to overcome all of them. Business Culture of the Host Country USA has a Westernized culture, in Singapore most of business aspects are westernized apart from certain tradition that has been inherited from the Chinese and Christianity(Incorporation, Retrieved on 16th November 2016). Business environment in USA is characterized by presence of a large number of multinationals and global businesses. They are highly competitive and innovation is their key driving force. Individuals in USA are highly dependent on internet for their transactions as well as for their promotions. Business operating from Singapore in USA needs to focus on personal needs to an individual more and shape advertisements and promotions accordingly. USA also has high reliance on entrepreneurial spirits as against Singapore. USA offers a huge and versatile market for various kinds of products and services with high amounts of dynamism(Bjrkman, 2007). They value time and innovation in processes as well as products. As against business environment in Singapore which in larger sense is dominated by traditional methods of doing business. Hofstedes 5 Cultural Dimensions Analysis of the Host Country Geert Hofstede formed and developed a framework for cross-cultural communication analysis. He used various dimensions of culture in order to explain difference amongst two cultures(Soares, 2007). Cultures in USA and Singapore can be analyzed using this mechanism to understand areas in which difference lies as follows; Power Distance, is measured as the aspect of inequality or degree of power an individual exerts over the others behaviors and ideas. As individuals are not equal in a society, power distance expresses attitude of culture to measure such inequalities. As USA is a fully transformed, developed westernized economy with freedom of speech, power distance is minimum amongst people(Adler, 2007). In Singapore power distance is high due to existing Chinese culture, values and traditions in their system. In Singapore powerful individuals often exert influence over the non-powerful to mold ways according to their benefits, be it in political or business relationships(Tung, 2008). Business from Singapore operating in USA will need to ascertain that they do not exert any power on employees or business personnel in this regards. As they do not value such power exertion and sees it as having negative influence. Individualism is measured as the degree of independence enjoyed by various members of a society. In individualistic societies people look after themselves as is the case in USA whereas Singapore is Collectivism based society, where individuals prefer to belong to a group. In USA majority of people stays alone without family or being in a group, whilst in Singapore people prefer to belong to a family. Americans premise comprising of liberty and justice for all, highlights rights provided to citizens by government. They have a loosely-knit society where people look after themselves. Americans often do business with unknown people as there are not shy and demonstrate self-reliance(Taras, 2012). Any business from Singapore considering diversion to USA needs to consider and respect USA trends for individualism. Masculinity indicates extent to which society provides importance to its male gender, competition, success. Low score on feminity refers to dominant values in society as well as quality of life. USA score of Masculinity is at 62, reflecting their masculinity drive in society. At school, work and other areas, Americans reflect their high masculinity index with demonstration to perform in best possible ways. People of USA often talk regarding their achievements in life and success. In job setting they have specific targets for accomplishment or for showing their capabilities to perform at a job. Monetary rewards motivate Americans the most and they have a positive dynamism in their society which reflects their willingness for betterment perspective in every aspect(Drogendijk, 2006). In Singapore though it is a westernized society, yet they do not have such high masculinity values and they are dominated by family and social values more. Businesses from Singapore can use monetary and rec ognition reward to motivate their employees by setting up achievable targets. Whereas in Singapore motivators will consider extrinsic motivators. Uncertainty Avoidance is the ambiguity that one feels threatened by unknown situations. Cultures often try to avoid beliefs as well as institutions through which they feel threatened, is demonstrated in their score on Uncertainty Avoidance. USA has a low score on Uncertainty Avoidance of 46 as they have a high degree of acceptance towards new ideas, innovations, and willingness for trying something different or new. Whereas in Singapore the score is particularly low reflecting that individuals are less eager to try new ideas or processes that they are not familiar with(Johnson, 2006). Business from Singapore diverting into USA can hope to develop new processes and products through way of their normal proceeding which is not the case in Singapore. Figure 2 : Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Singapore with United States Source : (Christian, Retrieved on 16th November2016) Long-term Orientation is the factor where a society maintains some links with its past for dealing with present and future challenges(Jackson, 2008). USA has a score of 26 on this dimension whereas Singapore has a relatively high score. High score indicates pragmatic approach to prepare for future. People of USA have a tendency to analyze new information without any pragmatic approach. They have a mental bend of mind with high practicality. They have strong ideas and views regarding right and wrong, where they can make their own decisions. Therefore, businesses in USA present a shorter time view of their performance on quarterly basis, which is also considered by individuals as the motivating factor for achieving higher results. In Singapore this score is typically high as there is a high reliance on traditional beliefs and performances. Businesses from Singapore need to have respect and tolerance of people of USA in this factor as it is quite different compared to its own country. Indulgence is the extent to which individuals attach control over their impulses or desires. A weak control over impulse is referred to as indulgence and having strong control is called Restraint. USA have an Indulgent score of 68 as it has belief to work hard. They exert stringent control in areas where they want controlled activities(Kirkman, 2006). Singapore has a relatively low score in comparison to USA as it has a more Restraint approach. In this parameter as well Singapore and USA is quite deferent hence businesses from Singapore needs to understand and analyze this dimension for conducting and developing good business relationships. Singapore is a country from Asia whereas USA is a typically westernized country, there ways and processes differ significantly. But with rapid globalization and internationalization of businesses, Singapore is rapidly transforming itself. Singapore is trying to match up westernized means and procedures such that it can emerge as an Asian hub for business and gain economically. Recommendation and Conclusion USA is a land of diversified cultures and immense opportunities. It offers an immense market with varied needs and huge capabilities that can be utilized by businesses. Singapore on the other hand is a developing country, where its companies are trying and expanding into international business to make their mar felt. Several businesses from Singapore is present today in multiple parts of the world and is highly successful. When a business considers diversifying into USA, it needs to do a proper cultural analysis of the Hofstedes study that has been undertaken. Whereas both the countries enjoy some amounts of similarity in their culture, they are highly diverse in their needs and demands. 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